Advantages Of Mutualistic Relationship With Ants

(write here)ant adapt in so many different ways. ants start from a little worm/larval then they go to a cocoon. In the cocoon is where they take their adult form. there is 200 species of little army ants. The soldiers protect the houses. Ants live everywhere in the world hot and cold. They mostly live in central america, south america and africa. Ant travel in group to attack their prey ferociously.The groups that the ants travel in are called a colony. Army ants are very efficient predators. The bbc claims that there

This species gets its name from the “blood” (Figure 2) that flows when the stem is broken. The blood produced is poisonous, however, it is said to possess anti-bacterial properties with possible pharmaceutical applications, such as fighting plaque on teeth. Seed dispersal of the S. Canadensis is achieved through a process called myrmecochory, in which ants are attracted to the elaiosomes on seeds (Figure 3). The ants take the seed back to their nest by dragging it by the elaiosome followed by eating it, leaving no way to carry it back out of the nest. Many benefits can be drawn from this process of seed dispersal such as protection from potential predators and adding nutrients that would otherwise not be

1. A phoretic relationship is when two different species, who benefit from one another, travel together throughout their relationship. An example of phoresis is the species of fly, Dermatobia hominis. The fly attaches the larvae to another insect such as a mosquito and when the mosquito travels and feeds on an animal or human, the eggs hatch and the larvae burrows itself into it’s skin.

The symbiosis between a mangroves pneumatophores (roots) and an oyster is commensalism, the oyster uses the roots as a place to live while the mangrove stays unharmed. Another communalistic relationship is that between New World army ants and antbirds, the ants have a tendency to shake the rainforest floor as they march, this disrupts insects which causes them to fly out. The insects are then eaten by the following antbirds, the birds are then benefiting while the ants don’t care. When looking at the communalistic relationships there are many differences, the oyster lives in the mangroves roots, while the antbird obtains food from what the ants

IntroductionAnts Formīca are arguably the most successful organisms presently on earth. They evolved from a wasp like common ancestor approximately 150 million years ago(2006 Chuck Lydeard)1. Due to their long ecological dominancy amongst insect and short life span they have undergone a high rate of adaptive radiation. Leading to a reasonably large amount of species and inter- species diversity. There are at least 12000 different species of Formicidae (2008 Edward O. Wilson)2 which have colonised almost every landmass on the planet(Alice S. Jones 2006)3 This unique dominancy and prevalence means that Ants presently account for an incomparable 15 to 20%(2000 Ted R. Schultz)4,3 of the world's terrestrial animal biomass. Formīca exhibit

The filament works alongside the anther in the production of a plant’s pollen, of which will be used for fertilization and reproduction.

Cestodes which are being tested are examined and identified using a microscope. The eggs of Moniezia benedeni are square while M. expansa is rather triangle and the oncospheres of the two species are borne strangely shaped pyriform apparatus (Olsen, 1962), which is also described by Urquhart et al. (1985) as well-defined. Stilesia spp. is round shaped (Kaufmann, 1996) have no pyriform apparatus. Avitellina sp. is oval (Kaufmann, 1996) and pyriform apparatus absent (Soulsby, 1982).

To measure the distribution of spanish moss on different tree and plant types, the tree host that the epiphyte resides on is given an abundance rank. Cypress and numerous hardwood trees are given a higher abundance rank than pine trees because pine trees are not typically covered in large amounts of Spanish moss like hardwood trees. However, Marks and Schlesinger noticed that “when Spanish moss is found on pine trees, it tends to occur only on larger individuals”(1977) , and they also found that “well-illuminated sites are common in the canopies of pine(1977) . On the other hand, Mark and Schlesinger also made a correlation between the branch length and the amount of light received by hardwoods such as the oak tree. The two men concluded that “spanish moss usually occurs on the more shaded, lower branches of

examples are especially abundant on social insects such as termites. Since the effects of phoretic

In this lab, the structures of two organisms were analyzed: Paramecium and a mushroom. The Paramecium was observed using a microscope. Through the microscope, it was possible to observe the movement of the Paramecium and their shape and structures. The Paramecium is transparent, which allowed the possibility of seeing its organelles. The organelles seemed as many small dots inside the Paramecium’s body. Even though it was not possible to see the cilia, the Paramecium only moved because of it. The movement performed by the Paramecium made it seem as though the entire body changed its teardrop-shape while moving. Besides, some Paramecium seen to be eating. The magnification used to observe the Paramecium in the microscope was 100x.

They have very large umbrella shaped canopies which emerge above the forest canopy thereby referred to as emergent trees. They are among the tallest and widest tree at maturity sometimes attaining height of 50m and diameter of 2.25m in the rain forest of the Amazon. Young trunks and branches of Ceiba pentandra trees are seen armed with thick conical spines and are most times green in order to facilitate the photosynthesis process. They have palmate leaves and large bell shaped flowers (Steinberg, 2009). The heartwood of the plant is white to ashy brown when dry and cannot be distinguished from the sapwood easily.

another, and is at the very cornerstone of modern ecosystems. Symbiosis is a fundamental function of our modern ecosystem, and is responsible for the majority of evolutionary developments. Without symbiosis, the delicately evolved modern ecosystem would not exist as almost every organism relies on another organism (Douglas,2010). This development of the ecosystem has resulted in the three separate types of symbiosis; Mutualism, Commensalism and Parasitism (Sapp, 2004; Reece et al, 2014). Mutualistic symbiosis, or mutualism, is an interspecific interaction between two species (with little to

This is not rare. This is not rare because black carpenter ants often live in decayed wood. They also often live in the center and main part of the tree.

What type of structure does the Antz colony have and what are the positive/negative effects of such a structure?

Plants have two major parts of their anatomy structure for reproducing. The anther, which is the male part that contains the pollen. And the pistils, the female part of the flower. The goal is to get the pollen from the anthers to the pistol. Pollinators have tasked this job. Pollinators visit plants for their own purposes, to collect nectar, which is a sugary substance that can be used as food or to make honey, oil, or just to hang out. When a pollinator visits a