Advantagous Phenotypes

Mutations are simply changes in the sequence of nucleotides. There are three ways this occurs:

Frame shift mutations are the type of mutation caused by the addition or deletion of a base pair in the DNA resulting in the translation of the genetic code in an unnatural reading frame from the position of the mutation to the end of the gene. In the mutations, we added and deleted beads resulting in an incorrect sentence that does not make sense.

Brennan K, Tateson R, Lewis K, Arias AM. A Functional Analysis of Notch Mutations in Drosophila. Genetics. 1997;147(1):177-188.

Only 1 out of 3 mutations that occur in a gene result in a change to the protein structure. What is the probability that a random mutation will change the structure of a protein?

11. Define the following: Genetic drift: unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies, reduces genetic variation over time through such losses of alleles

Natural sources of variation include: mutations, gene flow, and genetic shuffling. Mutations are random changes in DNA that result in beneficial, harmful, or no changes in an organism. Gene flow can also be referred to as migration. It is the exchange of genes of individuals from one population to another. Genetic shuffling occurs in meiosis when alleles switch to create new combinations of genes. The steps of natural selection are overproduction, variation, competition, and selection. Overproduction is important because it keeps the species from becoming extinct and allows for more variation in offspring. Variation is what can either help the organism have a higher chance of surviving or could lower the chance of surviving.

Evolution - a change in the number of times specific genes that codes for specific characteristics occur within an interbreeding population over a period of time.

The founders effect can lead to a descendant population that differs greatly from its parent population over a relatively short period of time, this is referred to as genetic drift. My example goes over the Equus, which as we know was the original horse, which was as big a pony, and soft as a teddy bear. Until harsh environments, mutations through matting allowed the equus to change not only its physical appearance, but how it reacts to the change in nature. My example would be how the Equus through time started to become bigger, stronger, faster, and more deadly. This was because the Equus was very vulnerable, giving it many years to learn it weakness, and through time drifted to become stronger and more

genetic drift is the alteration in gene frequencies from one group to the next because of the decrease in population size. Genetic drift does not have a huge impact on larger communities as it would on smaller ones because they have more individuals to keep the population alive unlike the smaller ones. If there is a population of blue and pink bugs, and the pink bugs get wiped out or leave the population, the blue bugs would be left and the genetic variation factor would be removed from this

Genetic mutations and the mixing of parental genes in offspring might be random, but the selection of genes through the survival of their hosts is anything but random. Natural selection and evolution is unconscious and cannot look forward to anticipate what changes are going to be needed for survival.

Frameshift mutation: is a DNA mutation that occurs when there is a change in the DNA mutation system, which triggers a change in the organism. The type of change to the organism's DNA is type of mutation.

Gene flow is the process by which individuals (full genotype), and/or the genetic material they carry (certain alleles of genes), move from one population to another and is an important source of genetic variation, because it brings new alleles in the population. Gene flow can be subdivided in three categories: (1) Migration: the movement of full genotypes (individuals) from one population to another within the same species, which may be further integrated later by breeding, (2) Introgression: the movement of genes from one species or strain to another through a process of successful mating (hybridization) and backcrossing, (3) Horizontal (or lateral) gene transfer: the movement of genes from one species or strain to another without successful

Mutation is a mechanism that happens when DNA is mistakenly copied incorrectly which changes the sequence of the genes (Sand & Schadewald, 1996). This change in the nature of the DNA increases genetic variation. Gene flow and migration are when one type of species have

To begin with, mutations (any change in the DNA sequence of an organism) introduce new genetic information into a population by altering alleles (a form of a gene usually arising through mutation) that are already present. Occasionally, a mutation introduces a new allele into the gene pool of species. On the other hand, a mutation may introduce an allele that was deficient in a local population. Meanwhile, it is present in other populations of species. All the different

A certain characteristic could vanish within a population. A generation could miss a few genes into their descendants, and only certain genes is kept. This phenomena is called genetic drift. Genetic drift is the fluctuation/ alteration of gene frequency. Like in the population of wildflower, if the allele Cw is decreasing than CR allelle , there may be two possibilities. One, an animal may stepped on the plant containing Cw allele and reducing its chance to pass it to the next generation, or in fertilization it simply have few offspring, that by chance contain more CR allele than Cw. there are 2 known concepts of genetic drift the bottleneck effect and the founder effect.