Aerobic Exercise Training

Outline and evaluate research in to the duration, capacity and encoding information in short term memory.

Memory span is a measure of short term memory and its capacity through the use of a list. Participants are asked to review a list of items, retain, and immediately recall as accurate as possible. The list may be conducted with a random list of numbers, words, or letters since these items may influence differently amongst each participant. The list is also varied in item length to test in which particular length the participant is subject to make the least of errors and determine their memory span. The average short-term memory capacity is ranged

Cavanaugh and Blanchard-Fields (2015) state that there is research showing how brain plasticity can be enhanced through aerobic exercise (p.51). It is important that adults be active in their lives. A 30-minute walk or some type of physical activity will benefit them as the age. The text mentions a study done by Erickson and his colleagues in 2009 where they studied the effect of aerobic exercise on the hippocampus. They found that due to aerobic exercise it produced greater volume in the hippocampus. This is significant because the hippocampus is the part of the brain that is responsible for memory, emotions, and spatial functioning. The body does not only need physical activities to produce healthier cognitive functioning but also nutrients. The text identifies three nutrient biomarker patterns that are significant on the aging brain. These nutrients are vitamin B, C,D, and E, omega-3, and trans fat. the foods that belong to these nutrients are beneficial to the brain. Older adults should make an effort to include these nutrients into their diets. positive impacts these nutrients make are better cognitive functioning and greater brain

In the book, Spark: The Revolutionary New Science of Exercise and The Brain by Dr. John J. Ratey, MD (2008), Ratey discuses how exercise can help treat many mood disorders and how it can help strengthen our brains. This book is divided into ten chapters all with five to ten subsections in them. The chapters include: Welcome to the revolution: A Case Study on Exercise and the brain, Learning, Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Attention Deficit, Addiction, Hormonal Changers, Aging, and the Regimen.

the learner has already learned a list of word pairs that were given to him, and the teacher tests them by naming a word and asking the learner to recall its pair.

Smith et al. (2013) took a less studied approach to improving cognitive decline by testing the effects of aerobic exercise on adults (60-88 years old) already suffering from cognitive impairment. After 12 weeks of moderate exercise there was an improvement of memory and neural efficiency across all subjects.

Memory- Long and short term both need to be examined. Short term memory impairment will result in difficulties in remembering and following directions. Long term memory can be examined by asking historical questions and short term memory can be examined by asking a patient to recall a series of words or numbers. There are optimal values that help determine whether or not a person has an impairment. This examination should take place because healthcare professionals need to know the current state of the person they are working with.

At first, it will be hard for one to cope with the routine. Nevertheless, if you do it regularly and properly, you will learn that it is very easy and simple to learn and execute. As a beginner, you start slow and eventually challenge yourself to increase the rate so that you also perk up the chance of having a successful execution of cardiovascular exercises.

The acute exercise group primarily focuses on acute physical exercise. Scholars in this section examine the implications of intense exercise on the cognitive functions of the body. Kashihara, Maruyama, Murota, & Nakahara believe that acute physical exercise might have a positive effect on cognitive task but emphasize that there are mysterious mechanisms behind this relationship. However, Zimmer, Binnebößel, Bloch, Hübner, Schenk, Predel, & Oberste express slightly divergent views by pointing out that exhaustive exercise may be counterproductive, especially is some cognitive activities like planning. Zimmer and his group also argue that his sentiments have been supported by previous scholars, who maintained that acute exercise affects memory

The hypothesis of the effect of exercise training on hippocampal volume in humans: A pilot study was compared to aerobic fitness with older humans to examining if the earlier study was correct. The study was to find out if aerobic exercise training can increases hippocampal volume with older adult. (Parker, Beth A; Thompson, Paul D; Jordan, Kathryn C; Grimaldi, Adam S; Assaf, Michal; et al. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 82.3 (Sep 2011): 585-91.) Hippocampal volume is a brain structure below the cerebral cortex of the brain. Hippocampal volume is important because it process information and formed memories, organizing information and concentration. (What Is Hippocampal Volume?, 2017). The sample chosen for this study adequate was animal. The reason why animal was used in this study because studied have shown there is convincing evidence that exercise training increases hippocampal volume.

Exercise has shown to provide various physical benefits, which can modulate risk factors of older adults at risk of cognitive decline. The aim of the review was to analyse the effects of various forms of exercise on cognitive function. Specifically, on older adults who are at greater risk of cognitive decline due to aging, which consequently may lead to functional decline (Lautenschlager et al., 2008; Hsu et al., 2017). Association of physical activity and cognitive function is apparent, hence the need to review and assess the effectiveness of different exercises on cognitive function.

The control conditions were the group of participants, the number of words read, and the environment in which the task was performed. These conditions were controlled to ensure that any variation in the times taken to perform the tasks of reciting the lists was caused by the difference in color and word which was written.

The test consisted of ten short—one to four letters, and long—five to eight letters respectively. Some limitations the participants had were that they were not allowed to see or write down the sequence, and have them repeated.

The first test I completed (CPAL) measures memory through a series of recall and recognition tasks. The test began with a paragraph of information, explaining how to complete the test. (see appendix A)

The Erikson et al. article supports the idea that physical exercise helps the brain by improving memory and the size of the hippocampus. Erikson and his colleagues suggested in their study that physical exercise increases the retention of information and improves learning capabilities. The way they measured this was by studying the increased or decreased size of the subject’s hippocampus and levels of BDNF. The control group in this experiment completed stretching/toning exercises while the experimental group did aerobic exercise; the experimental group ended up having a larger hippocampus volume than when starting out, as well as higher levels of BDNF; the