Afp Case Studies

This paper aims to provide the gaps in our understanding of breast cancer by examining the functions and to enhance our ability to distinguish the anatomy of female human breast. The author also attempts a better understanding of some of the different types of human breast cancer namely: ductal carcinoma in situ, lobular carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma. It is hoped that this paper will inform those who do not have the understanding and knowledge about the risk factors, diagnosis, treatments and preventions of the breast cancer.

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a genetic disease that can be inherited. If a person has FAP, they are likely to get colorectal cancer. If FAP is not treated, there is about a 100% chance you will receive colorectal cancer. FAP produces growths with mucus on the inside walls of the colon and rectum. The growths are called polyps. You can get between 100 and 1000 polyps in just 10 years. The genetic test that they run for FAP is a blood screening test for the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. The blood test is for checking for a mutation in the APC gene. If the results are positive, closely related family members should be tested too. You should also be tested if colon cancer is hereditary, or if you have a history of more than

Breast cancer is cancerous growth of cells in the breast which can be often felt as lump. It becomes dangerous when the cancerous cells becomes malignant and starts invading other tissues of the body. However, this can be prevented by early detection. The incidence of breast cancer is mostly with females although there are few reports of men suffering from the disease. In most cases, the cells with the ducts of milk glands are often associated and few can arise from other cells of the breast and can be termed as sarcomas as well as lymphomas that are different from breast cancer which is an adenocarcinoma (Al-Hajj, Wicha, Benito-Hernandez, Morrison, & Clarke, 2003). Common type of breast cancer includes ductal carcinoma in situ which is considered non-invasive and not life threatening. The invasive ductal carcinoma is associated with the milk duct and can invade nearby tissues of the breast as well as other body parts through the blood stream. Another form of invasive lobular carcinoma starts from the milk glands and can metastasize. Other less common types includes inflammatory breast cancer, Paget disease, phyllodes tumour and angiosarcoma.

My field placement is currently at Family Assessment Program (FAP). FAP is a voluntary program that aims to strengthen families and help them stay together. FAP seeks to reduce future involvement with the juvenile justice and child welfare system. My client system at FAP was basically parents who were having difficulties with their teenage children. Both the parents and the children came to the FAP to seek services to address their defiant behavior. Interviewing the family was able to apply four concepts to my cases which were empathy, barrier, taboo and tuning in. The following case scenarios will discuss how I was able to apply the concepts, obstacles I encountered.

HQ AFRC/SG states that they are professionally bound to uphold the provisions of both AFI policy and the AFOCD requirements regarding matters concerning medical officer commissioning process within the Reserve Component of the Uniformed Services, as it supports the Air Force Medical Service. Nowhere in the MSC accession guide does it mention the AFOCD requirement which would have allowed me to make a better decision when selecting my graduate program for Public Administration in CY 2012 which was well in advance when the current publication were established.

Mammograms are probably the most important tool doctors have in diagnosing breast cancer. Although they do not prevent one from acquiring breast cancer, it does help diagnosing as early as possible. “Mammography has a false-negative (missed cancer) rate of at least 10 percent (Wikipedia)”. Mammograms rarely miss cancerous cells. That of which they do miss is because of the density in the breast. A false negative is more common among younger women due to the fact that younger woman have more density in their breasts. There are four different categories found by mammograms: 1. easily treated cancers. 2. aggressive cancers that are detected too late. 3. slow-growing cancers that ultimately will not harm or kill a patient before natural causes do, and 4. a small number of cancers who treatment outcome is better because of early detection. Mammograms will help to find all kinds of cancers that are undetectable by self-examinations.

Cancer in the ovaries spreads quickly to other parts of the body and “is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, with an alarmingly poor prognosis attributed to late detection and chemoresistance (Brachova).” The ovaries are composed of three different types of tissue: epithelia, germ, and stromal, with tumors being named for the kinds of cells the tumor started from and whether the tumor is benign or cancerous. The American Cancer Society’s estimates for ovarian cancer in the United States in 2014 are about 21,980 new cases and about 14,270 deaths. A woman’s risk of getting invasive ovarian cancer in her lifetime is about 1 in 72 and about half of the women diagnosed with ovarian cancer are 63 years or older (American Cancer Society).

One of the main stages in detecting breast cancer is self-examinations, as this allows the patients to identify suspicious lumps and to go see their GP, who will then refer them to a medical oncologist. Routine screening(most commonly as mammograms) is a system put in place to detect cancer at early stages as there is a long growth period before the symptoms start to show, this is also known as the detectable preclinical phase.(Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer Series: Breast Cancer) There are two types of mammograms: screening and diagnostic. Diagnostic mammograms show a more detailed x-ray of the breast and can show the exact location of the abnormality. Screening mammograms are usually aimed at

The 2 tests used most often to screen for ovarian cancer are transvaginalultrasound (TVUS) and the CA-125 blood test. Pain in the pelvis, back, stomach, or during sexual intercourse are all early symptoms. If it progresses, the symptoms would be nausea, weight loss, tiredness, and loss of appetite.

women normal breast tissue have a density of carcinoma. It very difficult to tell which is

Ovarian cancer occurs when not normal cells grow in one or both of the ovaries which are small glands on either side of the uterus in female’s body that store and release eggs (ova). Also they produce female sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone. There are two types of ovarian cancer epithelial and germ cell cancers. Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most common type and often occurs in women who are past menopause. This type of cancer grows in the tissues that cover ovaries. Experts do not know the exactly cause of this cancer but, they know the DNA changes play role in

yolk sac and embryonal carcinoma). Most studies report elevated AFP concentrations in approximately 70% of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and 50% to 70% of patients with nonseminomatous testicular tumors. AFP is elevated during pregnancy and persistence of AFP in the mother following birth is a rare hereditary condition. Neonates have markedly elevated AFP levels ( over 100,000 ng/mL) that rapidly fall to below 100 ng/mL by 150 days and gradually return to normal over their first year. Concentrations of AFP above the reference range also have been found in serum of patients with benign liver disease (eg. viral hepatitis, cirrhosis), carcinoembryonic antigen in ataxia telangiectasia and, along with gastrointestinal tract

The use of biomarker in clinical practice is pivotal and offers great promise to the physician and surgeon to treat the cancer patients with better management plan. With the use of a biomarker, it will ultimately enhance the treatment response and improves patient’s survival and quality of life. The application of biomarkers in practices of medicine however carries several advantageous and disadvantageous.

Secondly, characterize form of cancer such as ovarian cancer, the evidence that can support this reason; ovarian cancer is a disease which cancerous cells are found in the ovaries, the cancer genome atlas project after analysis of messenger RNA, micro RNA and DNA sequences, they have characterized an ovarian cancer by a mutation in most tumors, and the project also identified a periodic somatic mutations in

The objective of the study is to carry out an analysis of Her2 expression in breast tissue by immunohistochemistry on a breast cancer tissue microarray. The study was conducted in a period of four days whereby day one was meant to de-paraffinization of the various slides which were considered in the research. After de-paraffinization, antigen retrieval, blocking of nonspecific proteins and endogenous blocking of the peroxide was done on the first day of the study. The second day was used for antigen detection using a detecting antibody on each of the slides which are used in the study. On the third day of the study, there was antibody washing and primary antibody detection which was done in the study. That was followed with the