African American Freemen

The American Civil War ended in 1865 and brought freedom to slaves, but slaves had to face many problems because most of them did not know how to read and write. As slaves, African Americans did not allow to attend to school since most people believed that education would lead African American to rebellion and discontentment. The beginning of African American education was a difficult and challenge process because of the influence of Jim Crow laws enforcing the racial segregation of educational system

In the north, blacks and whites attended different schools because they lived in different parts of the city or state. The laws to desegregate the schools were not just for the south. So they brought in bussing. This meant that black children could get the bus to white schools that had been desegregated so there was a racial balance in the schools. A lot of northern cities resisted this court order, and some cities even fire-bombed the buses. To get around these laws, many white people sent their children to private schools. Most black children stayed in public schools due to lack of money.

African Americans weren’t slaves in the North but were they really free? The free African Americans lived in New England, Mid-Atlantic states and the mid west. There were 31,000,000 people and 14% were African Americans. The question is did the free blacks in the North have political freedom, economic freedom, social freedom, and religious freedom? The free blacks in the North were not truly free.

Before the Civil War, slavery was an extremely popular way to maintain the economy of the South and to bring richness to wealthy white slaveholders. Even though the Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in the Confederate States of America, there was still slavery existing in the Union and remaining border states that did not cooperate with the Confederacy. Consequently, in the 1860s, President Lincoln and Congress started to draft new to emancipate all African Americans and this soon became the thirteenth Amendment which made slavery illegal throughout the United States. According to an excerpt from a report from a Northern white man to the United States government in 1866, Andrews claimed that “Many of the negroes…common plantation Negroes, and day laborers in the town and villages, were supporting little schools themselves.” (Andrews). For the first time ever, African Americans were granted with rights to send their children into public schools get educated as the white Americans do. Before the thirteenth Amendment was proposed, African Americans were outlawed and prohibited from attending school or even reading and writing. The establishment of public schools for freemen was a crucial act in the history that provides opportunities for them to obtain knowledge and live as equal as white Southerners. While there are some historians who claimed the thirteenth Amendment was ineffective since schools were still segregated, but realistically they all received the same regulations. According to a Jim Crow Law in Tennessee, the document claimed that,“White and colored persons shall not be taught in the same school, but in separate schools under the same general regulations as to management, usefulness and efficiency” (Jim Crow Law). Congress established the Freedmen’s Bureau in March, 1865, to assist former slaves. The main

Was freedom a real thing to Free Blacks in the North? Before the civil war, slaves in the North were characterized as Free Blacks, yet they didn’t have the rights they deserved. In the North, of these Blacks 221,000 out of 476,00 were ‘free’ in the North. By looking at the Free Blacks’ political, economic, and social rights, we can see that they were free… with restrictions.

Freedom is defined as the power or right to speak, act or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint. Reconstruction is defined as the time period after the Civil War when the Confederacy was brought back into the United States. However, after the Civil War, African Americans were not free. Even though by law African Americans couldn’t be slaves the development of racism and segregation created a new fight for freedom and equality. Therefore, African American were not free during Reconstruction.

African American revolutionary party ,was established in 1966 in Oakland, California, by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. The group popurse was to watch African American neighborhoods to procect them from the volence of the poliece. The Panthers in the long run formed into a Marxist revolutionary group that required the all African American to be armed the arrival of every single African American from prison, and the installment of pay to African Americans for quite a long time of misuse by white Americans. At its top in the late 1960s, Black panther party participation was over 2,000. They had other chapter in other places most black nebeghood .

The “Free People of Color” was a term given to the free Africans who were living in the French islands of the Caribbean. These people were also referred to as the free colored. The Island’s population was made mostly of slaves and freed blacks. In 1750 there was much political turmoil. France had begun enforcing abolition and they were trying to eliminate slave abuse on the islands. This gave the slaves hope that they could become free. The free blacks fought for their legal rights. They came to together and revolted, but failed. The National Assembly compromised though and gave rights to free colored people born to two free parents with sufficient property. This angered the white community and they refused to acknowledge the legislation.

The main reasons for African Americans migrating to the north was to establish a better life both through economic and social means. Jobs in the north for men proved to be worth the travel and separation from their families because the jobs provided versatility and increase profits. “The arriving southern blacks wanted the vacant jobs and the wages they paid that were two or three times higher than daily earnings in the South. As news of job openings and comparatively high wages spread through southern communities, African-Americans expressed an eagerness to reach Pittsburgh and to learn more about conditions there.” (Gottlieb, p. 139). As intended the job market and demand for African American works met and exceeded the expectation of the migrants coming from the South. Aside from the jobs offered to migrate men, all other expectation fall short of their imagination. The living condition were extremely costly and the homes were not in great shape. Not only was the living situation not up to expectation but the cost of food, clothing, insurance and membership dues to the churches and organizations didn’t leave much from the new “well” paying jobs. Many migrators felt they may be better off back down south where they could reduce their cost. “The migrants had moved north with high expectations, but the real world they

Education has always been valued in the African American community. During slavery freed slaves and those held captive, organized to educate themselves. After emancipation the value of education became even more important to ex-slaves, as it was their emblem of freedom and a means to full participation in American Society (Newby & Tyack, 1971). During this time many schools for African Americans were both founded and maintained by African Americans. African Americans continued to provide education throughout their own communities well into the 1930’s (Green, McIntosh, Cook-Morales, & Robinson-Zanartu, 2005). The atmosphere of these schools resembled a family. The

Schooling in the South was for only privileged children in the 1800s. There was no public school system in place, therefore the only institutions that offered education were private schools. Private schools could cost a lot of money so only the wealthy citizens in South were even given a chance to get a quality education. Children were exempt from school to work in the fields. Many yeomen, or the largest group of whites in the south, and tenant farmers, or farmers who worked on landlords estates, put their children into hard labor at a young age with the idea that someday the child will one day do the same, therefore not requiring schooling of any kind. The attitude towards education was that it was not needed and didn’t seem worth the money

If you take a look at the progress our nation has made over the years you will most likely see that the changes that have been made were due to a person or group realizing that there are major issues occurring in our society and government that desperately needs to be changed. A problem that our nation had for many years was the unfair mistreatment of the African-American people. After years of this mistreatment African-American people finally started to demand the change that they have rightfully deserved to for so many years, and as a result the Civil Rights Movement took place. For so many years people were basically ignorant about the situation that was taking place right in front of their eyes. The majority of whites raised their children to believe that the blacks did not deserve to be treated as equals because people with darker skin were beneath them, while blacks had to mentally prepare their children for the harsh reality that they were going to have to face for possibly the rest of their lives.

The African-American Civil Rights Movement is the struggle that African Americans had to endure in order to enjoy the liberties offered to all citizens of the United states today. Before it, the United States was still in darkness, with racism having a firm grip on most souls. Since its beginnings, it was a topic of debate not only by the top ranking government officials, but also by normal citizens. The African-American Civil Rights Movement is undoubtedly one of the most revered and memorable moments in our country’s history.

Throughout the Constitution, blacks, whites, or slaves are not mentioned in the constitution. Slaves, instead, are referred to as persons to underline their humanity, as highlighted through the words of The Daily Signal, when they state, “The Constitution speaks of people, citizens, persons, other persons (a euphemism for slaves) and Indians” In fact, the first references of race and color would not appear until the 15th Amendment’s guaranteed right to vote. However, while the constitution did not particularly benefit free African Americans, it did not assist their freedom in any way. Free African Americans could not vote, have a say in government office, or own land, and those captured would face the difficulties of proving their freedom,

Sometimes, however, the buildings, buses, and teachers for the all-black schools were lower in quality. Often, African American children had to travel far to get to their school.” This description understates the loss of care and funding and overall disadvantages that schools meant for African Americans compared to Caucasian schools. Based on if a school was for colored people there were many limitations on educational opportunities for African American children during segregation period. In the McGraw-Hill United States History to 1877, Pearson U.S. History; and Discovery United States History textbooks the publishers allow segregation and slavery to be described as follows: “Southerners used states’ rights to justify secession. They believed