African American Military Strategy

White, John Albert. The Diplomacy of the Russo-Japanese War. (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1964), 147. >> Japan, “on the contrary, had broad avenues of water across which to ferry her army the short distance to the scene of the struggle.”<<9

Before beginning, it might be prudent to explain what Fabian warfare is and to what benefit could it have done to the Confederacy. Ranging back to the Second Punic Wars, the Roman commander Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus instituted a policy of avoiding battle rather than be lured into a direct clash,

Growing up children are taught the phrase do onto others as you would want done to you. Yet for those who have never been treated the way that they treat others never learn. Those that have been treated harshly tend to have more sympathy; this theme is expressed in the Richmond Planet and Wisconsin Weekly Advocate, excerpts from the letters from African American soldiers in the Philippines (1899-1900). In this reading Filipinos were asked if they felt differently about the colored American soldiers than they did about the white soldiers. There were different responses yet all seemed to convey the same answer; the colored soldiers treated the Natives better than the white soldiers in almost every personal encounter. The white soldiers showed

The American Strategy was to take on the British with guerrilla tactics. Also, their strategy was to run out the clock as I would call it. They kept their army ready to fight at all times and in action. They just hoped for a victory. They figured that the British would eventually give up and tire out, and let them take the win. The overall strategy was to figure it out and react. Their knowledge on the best places to hide, retreat to, and how to defend themselves led them to adopt these flexible tactics used by Washington. The smaller the army was the faster they could move. Sharpshooters were placed in the woods to surprise the British, and take them out one by one. The British were used to fighting face to face in large battles, so this took

By the start of the twentieth century Russia had made expansions into the Far East, and the growth of its settlement and territorial ambitions clashed with the regional ambitions of the Japanese Empire on the Chinese and Asian mainland. It was only a matter of time before tensions came to a head, and war between the two nations began on February 8, 1904 when a “Japanese torpedo squadron entered Port Arthur, attacked the Russian squadron, and disabled the three best vessels - the Tsesarevitch, the Retvizan, and the Pallada “ [6]. Japan would go on to win a succession of crucial victories over the Russians, who underestimated the military potential of its opponent. These crushing defeats served to convince Russia that additional fighting against

During the 20th century, a clash between Russia and the and the Empire of Japan led to the Russo-Japanese War. Nicholas approached the war with confidence and saw it as an opportunity to raise Russian morale and patriotism. Many people were baffled. Nicholas belief was that it wouldn’t be a war. Despite the onset of the war, Nicholas still believed and expected a final victory based on racial inferiority and military weakness of the Japanese. As Russia continued to be defeated by the Japanese, the call for drew. Russia was later defeated.

Western European hegemonic powers in the late 19th century took to Africa in search for political and economic power, dividing the continent through aggression, displacing, murdering, and/or drastically diminishing autonomy and quality of life, and exploiting the land for resources and increase in the host nation’s economic development to the detriment of millions of Africans (Cooper). After British, French, and even Belgian powers suffered tremendous economic decline, focus towards rebuilding their own nations became priority, and a withdrawal of colonial power was quickly administered following a mobilization of African dissenters, nationalists, and third-world activists. States detached from their colonial ancestors and formed anew through

The Russo-Japanese war began on February 8th, 1904 when the Japanese launched a surprise attack on the Russian fleet and ended September 5th, 1905 with the treaty of Portsmouth led by Theodore Roosevelt. The war had a substantial effect on both of its participants, the Russians and the Japanese, but first this essay will talk about the events leading up to it, such as the Russian encroachment.

The two essays I have selected take different approaches concerning Tsar Nicholas II and his decision making process. The two men take not only different approaches to the tsar but arrive at different conclusions. Rotem Kowner’s essay, Nicholas II and the Japanese body: Images and decision-making on the eve of the Russo-Japanese War, examines Nicholas’s attitude toward the Japanese and how it affected his decision. Raymond Esthus’s essay, Nicholas II and the Russo-Japanese War, shows Nicholas’s commitment to autocracy and a stubborn resolve to defend Russia’s honor.

July 4,1776 was the day America would declare its Independence from their mother country England. Thomas Jefferson drafts this Declaration of Independence using as a reference the Scottish declaration. Declaring Independence would mean war between the British empire and “America”. With only 35,000 poorly trained troops and 45,000 militias, no navy, small industry with few financial resources the U.S was able to defeat the British Empire which had 56,000 skilled redcoats, 30,000 hessians, 50,000 loyalists, a royal navy and lots of financial resources. So the question remains how exactly was the U.S able to win its independence against such a huge empire? The American revolutionaries shared a set of political and social values which in essence gave meaning to their actions. In September 1776 British army commander Sir William Howe along with his brother Richard Howe used 32,000 Hessians to attack the American Commander General Gorge Washington (pg.243). The brothers defeated Washington’s army in several battles from Brooklyn Heights to New York where Washington’s army was saved by a storm. By then the battle for independence seemed doomed the British General occupied New York Washington had few men. However, on Christmas night 1776 General Washington decided to cross the Delaware and launch a surprise attack on the Hessians camp at Trenton and succeeded, followed by the victory in Princeton which marked two of his first victories. In the fall of 1777, general Howe planned to

The conditions for using different strategies and tactics include enemy specific information, operational environment along with strategic and operational goals. One of the vital tactics developed during the Napoleonic era was the use of standard linear formations and the implementation of skirmishes, allowing the option of utilizing a combined effort of both when needed. In order to succeed in battle and incorporate awareness of his Army’s strength and weakness as well as taking into consideration of the operational environment, Napoleon introduced new tactics. The use of standard linear formations and the implementation of skirmishes is considered one the vital tactics of the Napoleonic era, allowing the option of utilizing a combined effort of both when needed. Current warfare approaches require serious contemplation of operational environments to determine what strategies or tactics are most suitable, yet another valuable strategy realized by Napoleon. Wars of years past typically fought with the idea or notion of symmetrical fighting, but current conflicts include an ability to utilize an asymmetrical approach, realizing as the environments and enemies change so too should our tactics and strategies. Strategies in the Napoleonic era considered military tactics first and foremost during warfare; however, logistical

The Russo-Japanese war was soon to be known as the “first great war of the 20th century,” this war lasted for over 18 months from 8th February 1904 to 5th September 1905. It began because of the rival ambitions of the Russian empire and the empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea. Nicholas II wished to expand his Russian empire into Asia and this triggered the beginning of a disastrous war effort for Russia. By underestimating the advancement of Japan’s industrial and military development, the Tsar humiliated her own prestigious navy and his empire on the world stage. The war was not only humiliating for Russia but also had an economic impact on their economy, which sparked the revolution of

In the hopes that a distant war might distract his people from the going-ons back in Russia, Tsar Nicholas entered into the war without devising any truly clear strategy (O’Sullivan, lecture). What the Tsar did believe though, was that victory over the inferior Japanese would be swift and glorious. By the time 1905 rolled around, it had been made clear that he and his advisors completely underestimated Japan’s resolve during the war.

The end of World War II and the start of the Algerian War of Independence defined France during the mid 1900s. Many black intellectuals, including poet Léopold Sédar Senghor and writer William Gardner Smith grappled with the war, colonialism and racism that permeated French culture, whether overtly or subtly. Despite the similar imagery within their prose, the authors showcase two distinct points of view. Both authors describe ugly, inhuman visages, but in Senghor’s work, these twisted faces are merely masks, as removable as the humanly-constructed horror of the era, whereas Smith sees the twistedness as fully ingrained in the human countenance.

The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were turbulent eras generating several changes in the way how commanders led the war. The world owes a debt to one man for interpreting and recording his contributions to strategy and the art of war: Antoine Henri Jomini. The purpose of this paper to explain why the Jomini’s theories are a school of thoughts that remain adequate for explaining warfare in the modern era. The importance of logistics, the acceptance of principles of war, and the concept of the geometry of battlespace proposed by Jomini’s theories are three broad concepts that are still adequate for explaining in the modern era.