African American Women In Higher Education Literature Review

African American Studies is a change agent for the ideology of Black Americans. Black studies as an academic discipline serves to reorient the perspective of African Americans in an effort to regain a sense of pride and cultural identity stolen by white society.

The first question asks what factors can influence an employee’s chances of receiving a promotion? The second question asks are these factors enough to explain the lack of women in management positions? And the third question asks are African-American women less likely to obtain promotions compared to Caucasian women? Included with these questions are several hypotheses. The first hypothesis is women are less likely to be promoted compared to their male counterparts. The second hypothesis is African American women are less likely to be promoted for management positions compared to Caucasian women. The third hypothesis is African American women are also less likely to receive the same pay as Caucasian women, regardless of education, or experience. Key variables in these hypotheses are race, gender, pay wage, and promotions

By 1815, slavery within America was already institutionalised affecting the majority of African Americans; by 1860, there were 3.5 to 4.4 million enslaved African Americans as a result of the Atlantic Slave Trade in comparison to the 488,000–500,000 free African Americans. The Emancipation Proclamation (1863) freed all enslaved African Americans; nonetheless, African Americans were still considered inferior. Especially African American women who were treated significantly worse- sexually exploited, rejected by various southern suffragette groups as well as the National Woman Suffrage Association which opposed the 15th Amendment, enabling African American men to vote, fearing the setback it could cause women in obtaining the vote. Historian Deborah Gray White highlighted the status of being an African American woman stating that being "Black in a white society, slave in a free society, woman in a society ruled by men, female slaves had the least formal power and were perhaps the most vulnerable group of antebellum America." From 1815 to 1917, the lives of white women improved economically, socially and politically. Nevertheless, the improvement of African American women could be questioned. Therefore, this essay will focus on how the lives of African American women from 1815 to 1917 were marked by continuity rather than a period of change and improvement.

Black Woman Studies is an interdisciplinary field of study, that examines gender as a social and cultural construct, the social status and contributions of women, and the relationships between power and gender. Women are held to this standard of being the one to cook, clean, cater to her spouse and care for the children but it should be more than that. When women go above their expectations, they are accused as being wrong and are sometimes told to not pursue their dreams. Women should be held on the same scale as men in society, this method could prevent gender issues.

African-American women have often been an overlooked group with the larger context of American Society. Historically, oppression has been meted out to the African-American woman in two ways. Historically, everything afforded to African-American, from educational and employment opportunities to health care have been sub-par. As women they have been relegated even further in a patriarchal society that has always, invariably, held men in higher regard.

Many African American women have finally embraced their natural hair and are no longer perming, straightening or altering their hair. However, it has become difficult to obtain the necessary hair care products and learn the ins and outs about caring for their hair, but with the help of social media, they are obtainable. Ever since African American woman decided that they are going to embrace their natural hair, perm sales have decreased. More than 26% of perm sales have decreased since 2008 (Opie & Phillis, 2015), while perms are declining, natural hair care products are increasing. While natural hair care products are increasing, it is no thinks to big brand stores or beauty salons in near hometown. It has to do with buying

Because of gender norms in the 1960’s, society was resistant toward women in power and leadership, especially African American ones. Even though African American women had the traits, skills, and personalities to be formal leaders of social justice movements like the Civil Rights Movement, they were never given a platform to do so, mostly because their leadership wouldn’t be recognized as legitimate

When I started this phenomenal journey of researching, African-American professionals in higher education, I never realized that indeed there was truth in the obstacles, restrictions and biases in their way that must be overcome. In this research paper we will highlight and discuss some of the reasons that African- American professionals faces in higher education and some of the resources, that can be used to dismantle the indifferences. The progress has been slow in the academic arena for African-Americans in higher education. It has being over two decades from 1980 to 2003 African Americans make up only 4.3% of full time faculty in Americans universities and since 2003 it as only gone up by 1.2%. Progression toward a goal to dismantle obstacles to academe life for African- American professionals is the only way to winning the battle in education (Schwarz et al 2010).

lthough the enslaved women were married, their husbands could not protect them because of the control that the masters had over both spouses. Many times, due to rape and sexual intercourses between the slave and masters, both white and African American women had to keep their pregnancies hidden and they were not allowed to speak on who the father of the babies were. Often times black women would rebel against their masters because they felt it was morally wrong and often like "their ancestors and counterparts of Africa, most slave women took their motherhood seriously. They put this responsibilities before their own safety and freedom, provided for children not their own, and gave love even to those babies born from violence." (Hallam, 2004) . If a enslaved women, who had children, were to tell who the child's

Do male, African American leaders manage employees differently than their Caucasian counterparts in the business industry? This question begs an answer because the study of leadership is limited since it seldom examines contributions from other perspectives. African American contributions to assorted fields are often espoused during Black History Month, yet their collective experience fails mentioning in such an important discipline as, leadership. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, African Americans comprise 13.2% of the population. Minorities will increase in the coming decades with the U.S. population becoming more ethnically and

In this paper I will be giving an essay that will have a brief introduction on how my overall topic has evolved from the nineteenth century to the twentieth century, ending with my thesis statement that will show you how it has evolved. This will also tell you how its evolutionary change has impacted our modern society of today.

Research on women of color college students’ experiences with racism and sexism, as intersecting constructs is limited. Studies have focused on exploring their experiences with individual issues and looking at narrow implications such as mental health. A small number of studies have begun to expand this exploration to understand the relationship of these constructs with academic and career aspirations. Nonetheless, extant literature has not presented a direct link between the intersection of racism and sexism and the impact on academic aspirations of college women of color. Therefore, the focus of this multiple case study is to understand the impact of these concepts on the academic aspirations of college women of color through the lens of Multiracial Feminism.

Within the upper echelons of upper management is scant room for African American women. This mini-proposal outlines a research project that focuses on the phenomena of the nominal amount of African American women are in positions of management or organizational leadership within the City of Philadelphia.

Women entered the labor force during the 1960’s and tend to stay longer in the workforce before having a family. When it comes to uniformity and rationality, women are still suppressed. Our society stereotypes that women are meant to be working under men. Barriers to leadership opportunities are a worldwide phenomenon where females are disproportionately engrossed in a lower level and curtailed authoritative leadership positions. The leadership opportunities for women in corporate America do not correlate with their population rate. In the United States, they form the largest population, which subsist 50.8% and earning 60% of all master’s degrees. Even earning higher degrees, they are only at 19.2% in corporate field reached C-level. Consequently, they are still a minority in the executive world. Nevertheless, the numbers are growing in the positive direction. “No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.” Says the First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt.

about what keeps women from advancing into the highest levels of leadership, we believe that the focus needs to be on the organizational and societal levels not the individual level” (p. 2). Again, it is stated that men are in power, and the people in society need to change the way others think. Once society is able to change the way of the thinking, the more likely one will less likely to stereotypes. Equality is highly important, and businesses are shifting towards equality however, it will take time in order to shift/ conjoin roles completely.