African Americans In The Kindred By Octavia E. Butler

In America, the lives of Africans did not get any easier. Once the demand for labor began increasing dramatically, more and more Africans were imported to America. Originally, white people and black people worked together in the plantations. As a result of the increase in Africans in these British colonies, less white people took jobs on plantations. Eventually, enslavement became based on race. Numerous slave codes were developed, which included denying slaves the right to be out past sunset and denying slaves the right to meet in groups of three or more. These Africans forced to live enslaved in America were treated as if they were inferior to white people. It is discouraging to think about the fact that this country, though it was long ago, once accepted this kind of social injustice.

The African-American people have suffered great hardships since slavery. During the 15 and 19th century many Africans were taken and forced into slavery. Some slaves

During the 1820s, there were over 1.5 million slaves in the United States and it continued to grow to 2 million in the 1830s (Foner, Give Me Liberty 398). Slave trade was also thriving and many of the presidents were slave holders (Cotsirilos). Even though some people agreed with the abolitionists that slavery is immoral, they did not view African-Americans as equal. The majority of the population viewed African-Americans as inferior to them and believed the latter do not deserve the same rights as whites (Foner, Give Me Liberty 406). During the period where the majority

Many conflicts has emerged during the time when Dana was transported back into 1776, the period where slaves thrived in the South. Dana was considered a slave due to her slightly dark skin, and therefore she struggled to play the part of a slave, even though her only motive for traveling back in time was to assure the existence of her family lineage by helping Rufus, her white ancestor, survive as he recklessly gets injured, nearing death’s door several times. With the help of her white husband, Kevin, who accidentally gets transported to the past with her, Dana’s life becomes more safe, stable, and secure, until a deadly whip from Tom Weylin caused her to teleport back into her own time, leaving her husband in the traumatic period of history

More than hundreds of years, Africans Americans had abided in inhuman lives and were thrown into passivity like lower social positions. Jim Crow laws, lasted from 1876 to 1965, “prevented ex-slave from riding in the same train cars as whites, from eating in the same restaurants, or from using the same toilet facilities” (Roark et al

The African American population in the United States have always seemed to have been oppressed and persecuted throughout the history of the country. They have been targeted and put down using emotional, physical and sometimes, extremely violent methods. The time period from 1865 to 1905 was a particularly bad period for Southern African Americans. Huge hurdles had to be crossed for the people that were newly allowed to participate in the United States as citizens.

The institution of slavery was meant to be a permanent condition for Black males. This condition lay the historical outline for structural and societal racism resulting in a degrading formation of identity within Black. Africans were imported to the United States as purchased goods beginning around 1620. By 1770, almost 700,000 people, nearly 18 percent of the Americans were slaves. By the time of the Emancipation Proclamation, that number had exploded to over 4 million Davidson, J., DeLay, B., Heyrman, C., Lytle, M., & Stoff, M. (2011). Blacks were systemically dehumanized for hundreds of years, a practice that had unique social and psychological effects on men. They worked and were whipped in fields like animals. Any resemblance of pride, any call for justice, and any measure of manhood was tortured, beaten, or sold out of them. Most were forbidden from education, which included learning to read and write Davidson et al. (2011).

Slavery stretches its cruel branches into decades of history. According to the American Anti-slavery and Civil Rights Timeline on Ushistory.org, the portuguese were the first to negotiate a slave trade in 1472. The portuguese slave trade agreement also included ivory and gold as well as slaves. In 1610, the first ship carrying slaves touched down in the new world. Four years after that the British Colony of Massachusetts became the first colony to recognize slavery as a legal institution. For as long as slavery has been a legal institution abolitionists have been advocating for the freedom and rights of slaves. In 1671 George Fox, the founder of the quakers, talked out against the institution of slavery in the new world. In 1861 America ripped itself apart fighting a war, known as the American Civil War, that would ultimately abolish slavery in the United States of America. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain was written and published after the end of the civil war, but is set forty to fifty years before the beginning of the civil war. At this time it was socially acceptable to own slaves, especially in the south where Huckleberry Finn lives. It was not uncommon for slaves to be beaten or whipped if their work was unsatisfactory. Slaves were treated as people without rights and property to their white owners. Today the transatlantic slave trade has left its mark on America. There are still white supremacist groups, like the KKK, who believe that they are the superior race and black people should be eradicated. Racial profiling of black people has been an increasing issue to. Black people are getting killed and sent to jail for crimes that if a white person were to commit, the white person would receive a lesser sentence. Today racism is still running rampant in America.

In the novel, The Book of Negroes, the author Lawrence Hill portrays how Aminata acknowledges betrayal and distrust within the characters in the novel, as even the minor characters in the novel are affected by this. The author showcases many examples of distrust and betrayal throughout the text, such as how Aminata’s husband Chekura leaves her multiple of times in her life. Also then after her first owner, Robinson Appleby abuses Amianta severely. Aminata’s mentor, Solomon Lindo defines the true meaning of deception. The Book of Negroes demonstrates the characteristics and skills that Aminata goes through in her life, as she suffers many tragic events trying to gain her freedom.

The method of breaking the body to break the spirit is represented in many ways throughout the book. Dana describes this best when she states “slavery was a long slow process of dulling” (Butler 183). At this point in the novel Dana has gone through a

Racism has been a debated topic throughout the years. There have been many questions about if racism is a communal structured method of categorizing and separating people or if it is a learned or inherited behavior. The word has so many different meaning to each person affected by it. According to Miles and Brown, “The concept of racism is heavily negatively loaded, morally and politically” (3). All the way through history, racism has generated grief for those who fall victim to the problem. “Kindred” by Octavia Butler explains how a black woman is able to take a journey back in time to encounter and witness slavery up close and personal. In Natasha Trethewey “Bellocq's Ophelia”, the reader is able to recognize Ophelia’s yearning to be seen as a white woman opposed to a very fair-skinned black women. both Ophelia and Dana encounter racism and stereotypes. “During both of these women’s journeys throughout the stories, they have to face issues and hardships concerning their race in many different ways.”

Throughout history, African Americans both free and enslaved were not treated equally nor permitted with the same rights as white men. African Americans were enslaved and not allowed to vote or hold public office. Since the 15th century, African Americans have been treated less than human, some even experienced brutal punished for justifiable mistakes. The use of African American slave labor was an enormous contribution to agriculture and labor. It became a part of southern state’s economy within America. Additionally, African Americans were forced or born into slavery where they endured harsh working conditions with zero pay and often times were punished by their masters. Even slaves that became emancipated or paid for their freedom were also treated differently than whites. Notably, blacks did not have the same privileges as whites and were forced to carry a “freedom card” wherever they went. Failing to do so would lead to severe consequences, such as being forced back into slavery. Once African Americans were considered free, they faced additional discriminations such as not being able to vote or serve as a figure in public office. Due to this and additional factors, African Americans were almost entirely incapable of defending themselves against whites. Since the start of the 17th century, African Americans, free and enslaved were punished for their skin color and were considered the lowest scale by not being allowed to the same opportunities and rights and white men.

He had some friends that were slaves on the plantation like Nigel and Alice who also had treated him with respect. In this scene, Dana and her husband Kevin both journey back to the past to see a young boy curled into a ball on the ground from falling out of a tree. The married couple run over to the boy who is Rufus and by him is a young black child around twelve years old. Dana asks the black child,whose name was Nigel, what had happened to Rufus. He didn’t answer her right away, but instead he demands who she is and starts to get protective of Rufus. Rufus tells Nigel, “She’s alright and she’s the one who helped me put out the fire the one time”. After that little conversation Dana asks Nigel if he knew where Rufus live. He replies with a “yes”, and that he lived there too. She figures that he is probably a slave on Rufus’s father’s plantation (59-60). Finding out that Nigel is a slave and that he got protective of Rufus when he falls shows that there is a different type of bond between them; almost like brothers or best friends. This demonstrates that Rufus doesn't care about the color of his pal Nigel and that he wouldn't let anything exacerbate the situation even more. This scene reveals that skin color does not matter to young Rufus because he does not want to be like his

Slavery is a stain in the history of the United States that will always be particularly remembered for the cruelty it exhibited. Up until 1865 slaves were imported in shiploads and treated as if they were merely cattle. On the farms slaves were given no mercy and had to work long, arduous days for nothing. Additionally they were often subject to cruel overseers who would beat and whip them on a regular basis. As brutal and destructive as the institution of slavery was, slaves were not defenseless victims. Through their families, and religion, as well as more direct forms of resistance, Africans-Americans resisted the debilitating effects of slavery and created a vital culture supportive of human dignity.

During the Pre Civil War Era (1840’s), slavery of African American people was already existed. Throughout the country the concept of slavery was widespread to every state, but primarily slavery was located in the South. They were enslaved on farms, large plantation, inside homes, out in the fields, industry, transportation. These people are considered as a property, they were forced to be slaves because they were black. These slaves were forced to be property using violence and threat. The most common threat is that the slaves will be separated from their family, murdered or even put into an auction. Slaves were often followed by the constant fear of being sold to other masters. Majority of slaves in South worked and lived in cotton plantation where it employs number of slaves, possible hundred. The master didn’t provide decent bedding and clothing, they usually sleep in a barn that was non resistance to bad weather condition and diseases. The slaves that worked in plantation are easily prone to sickness due to the blistering heat, unsanitary condition, insufficient nutrition, lack of rest since they were constantly forced to work even when they are