After Treatment Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

The most common form of polyethylene is petroleum based or olefins based; as before mentioned polyethylene compounds have a wide commercial applicability and are made from non-renewable resources (Harding, Dennis, von Blottnitz, Harrison, & S.T.L., 2007). Its manufacturing processes are regarded as energy intensive and release significant amount of CO2 and heat into the atmosphere (Broderick, 2008). Next a little more detailed description of polyethylene’s production processes will be presented, with a focus on the way the material inputs are extracted and synthesized.

In this Preliminary Public Health Assessment (Pre-PHA), we evaluated exposure of the Milneburge neighborhood community to contaminants in response to their public health complaint with the City of New Orleans. . The homeowners in the neighborhood started to complain of nausea, headache, and dyspnea when they work in their back yards and reported water runoff and soil erosion from the waste management site. So, they were really concerned about their children health because they used to play in the area. As a result of that, we evaluated some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemical compounds found in nature or released from burning of coal, oil, tobacco, and wood. Some of these compounds are toxic to lung, liver, and skin. By such Pre-PHA, We can know if the site is extremely contaminated or not and we can assure residents and give them answers about their concerns.

Over the past decade, particulate matter (PM) is increasing the air pollution at an exceeding

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is predominantly sourced from vehicle emissions5 and exposure to traffic-related particles is associated with increased risk of asthma in children6.

A widely studied area in the impacts aviation has is researching air quality. There are two areas which have been getting a lot of attention and becoming more important relating to air quality. The first area is known as fine particulate matter (PM). PM is known as an air pollutant containing tiny particles floating in the air, sometimes creating a foggy, hazy look in the air. Compared to NOx, another compound found in emissions, PM is known to be a greater impact (Waitz, Townsend, Cutcher-Gershenfeld, Greitzer, Kerrebrock, 2004). One challenge the aviation industry is trying to overcome is measuring the PM caused by aircraft and PM caused by outside factors non-aviation related. There are currently no uniformly accepted methods for measuring both the PM and PM precursors from

is a white solid and has a phenolic odor. 2 This chemical is an endocrine disrupter, and its

Therefore, there is strong pressure from the government and those consider about the environment to use non halogen flame retardants because of the health and environment concerns6. For example, many organohalogen compounds, especially flame retardant epoxy resins containing bromine or chlorine, can produce a super toxic halogenated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans that leads to damage to human health6,9. In fact, the combustion of halogen compounds produces toxic smoke, which is potentially harmful to humans and animals. Therefore, most fire deaths and injuries result from inhaling carbon monoxide. The incorporation of organohalogens makes the yield of toxic smoke of products increase during combustion10. Therefore, a significant flame retardants should be invent to make the most an efficient way of obtaining the environmentally friendly flame- retardant system.

The substance that I decided to discuss is polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs). The reason I chose this substance is because I never heard of it and I wanted to gain further knowledge on it. In 1865 the first PCBs similar chemical was found by a product of coal tar. PCBs is a man made chlorinated hydrocarbons and was produced in the United States for almost 50 years. It was finally banned in 1979. According to our textbook Warren County, a dominate black area had 32,000 cubic yards that was contaminated with extreme amount of toxic from polychlorinated biphenyls in 1982.

Benzene exposures have been occurring in the USA and around the globe ever since oil was discovered and has been identified with a range of acute and long-term adverse health effects and diseases, including a variety of different types of cancer and Leukemia. Benzene exposures usually occur in refineries that refine and produce oil containing petroleum products, including motor fuels and solvents. Benzene was first extracted from coal gas by oil scrubbing in the 1860's by Badische Company in Germany. Benzene has been identified as an aromatic hydrocarbon with a gasoline-like odor that is clear, colorless substance that is highly flammable and volatile. The chemical substance known as Benzene is manufactured in industry that has been utilized in industrial solvents such as paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc.

Combustion reactions all give out huge amounts of heat energy; this is referred to as an exothermic reaction. When an exothermic reaction occurs there is a decrease in chemical energy and the ‘lost’ chemical

SC4730: Module 4 Effects of Contaminants on the Environment. Lab 4.1 Vehicle Sources of Pollution

The multiple advantages of Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engine have positioned this technology as the current trend for gasoline powertrains [1, 2]. Amongst GDI benefits, the increased power output, and improved engine efficiency [1, 3, 4] are the most advantageous. Therefore, GDI engines are framed in the drive for more efficient technologies and in the reduction of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from transportation. However, the major concern about GDI engines is the increased particulate matter (PM) emissions compared to their counterparts Port Fuel Injection (PFI) engines [5, 6]. PM composition can vary depending on the engine operating condition. In the case of stoichiometric GDI engine operation, with optimized fuel injection timing, the PM formed contains a low level of soot. However, there are some circumstances, such as in cold start operation, which could lead to higher rates of soot formation due to the large fuel droplets formation and spray impingement. In the case of lean GDI engine operation, stratified charge promotes increased levels of soot as a result of the rich in fuel regions in the combustion chamber [7]. PM negative effects on human health and the environment have been broadly reported. In the work carried out by Jarvis et al [8], the carcinogenic and mutagenic behavior of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed in the carbonaceous core (soot) of PM is reported. Furthermore, researchers have provided evidence to link PM exposure to asthma

During the recent Deepwater Horizon oil spill, millions of gallons of oil were dispersed in the Gulf of Mexico in the same area known as the Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone. The hypoxic zone along the Gulf Coast contains less than the normal amount of dissolved oxygen, at two parts per million. The little to no oxygen is theorized to be caused by excess nutrients from the Mississippi River along with the stratification of the Gulf waters. The excess nutrients create a growth of primary consumers and when decomposing at the bottom, uses the oxygen. The layering of the water does not allow for the water to mix the top and bottom layers, leaving a lack of oxygen at the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone and an oxygen-plenty top layer. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the petroleum, generally accepted to have mutagenic and carcinogenic effects, and are mainly from anthropogenic sources and are considered environmental pollutants. The nonpolar organic molecular are insoluble in the water, and are considered to be of utmost importance in terms of environmental hazards. The combination of the burning of petroleum on the top of the Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone created a deadly effect, as evidenced by the several deaths of animals and an unbalanced food web as secondary and tertiary consumers died

Kerosene and Gasoline are energy sourcing fuels that are distilled from crude oil. Crude oil is raw material consisting of many hydrocarbons, particularly 84-87% of carbon, 12-14% of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur (1-2%) (Simanzhenkov, 2003 ) Page 4. It’s formed from fossil remains obtained from reservoir’s thousands of feet below the ground. There are 3 main groups of hydrocarbons; paraffinic, naphthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The paraffinic series of hydrocarbons have the general formula CnH(2n+2) and can be either be straight chains or branched chains of carbon atoms. Naphthenic hydrocarbons have the formula CnH2n, with all bonds from carbon to hydrogen being saturated. Naphthenic hydrocarbons are moderately stable compounds. Aromatic hydrocarbons are cyclic compounds, that react readily since they have carbon atoms that are deficient in hydrogen. All aromatic hydrocarbons have at least one benzene ring as part of their molecular structure. (Simanzhenkov, 2003 ) Page 4,5,6. For Crude oil to be useful, these hydrocarbons must be split into simpler compounds that can be used for energy source and fuel, the oil refining process primarily involves distillation. The distillation process being used in this procedure is simple distillation, this technique is generally used to separate substances in a mixture, whose boiling points differ largely. It is generally used in the separation of volatile components of the mixture from the other non-volatile components with

Benzene (C6H6) is the best known aromatic compound and the head compound to which lots of other aromatic compounds are related. It was first isolated from an oily film which was deposited from the gas used for lighting in 1825 by Michel Faraday and named it in 1834. The Aromatic term was purposed by August Wilhelm Hofmann in 1855 and later August Kekule, J. J. Thomson and Sir Robert Robinson played an important role in the explanation of the structure and bonding of aromatic compounds. [tutorvista.com] The six carbon benzene is connected in a ring, inhabiting the planar geometry of a regular hexagon, in which all the carbon-carbon single bond distances are equal. The six  electrons revolve in a space below and above the plane of the ring, each electron being shared by all six carbons