Age Related Tissue Changes And Epigenetics

Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a genetic disorder caused by incorrect or missing genetic information that leads to the gradual weakening of the muscle cells. Various causes lead to weak and deteriorating muscles depending on the type of muscular dystrophy the patient was affected by. However, there are many causes for muscular dystrophy due to the fact that there are thirty forms of muscular dystrophy, which are categorized under several categories. All are ultimately caused by autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, sex-linked, and random mutations in very rare cases.

As a whole, muscular dystrophy is a group of many different diseases causing muscle weakness and muscle loss in skeletal muscles that control movement of the body (Korschun, 2007). Each distinction of this genetic disease may affect different muscle groups and even have different symptoms. One thing these diseases have in common is that the person affected will lose more and more muscle as they age. Currently, there is no cure for muscular dystrophy but there is treatment that may help alleviate the pain and slowing the disease down (Muscular Dystrophy, n.d.).

Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the protective cartilage on the ends of your bones wears down over time. Most people don't know they have it because the aches, tenderness, stiffness dont feel like arthritis until x-rays prove it. Just like regular arthritis, it affects the skeletal system. This is because it causes the bones to wear and then become stiff.Primary osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis not resulting from injury or disease, is mostly a result of natural aging of the joint. With aging, the water content of the cartilage increases, and the protein makeup of cartilage degenerates. Eventually, cartilage begins to degenerate by flaking or forming tiny crevasses.Secondary

There are three types of muscle tissues in the human body: skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscles are striated muscles that attach to the bone by tendons and permit movement. Skeletal muscles promote movement by contracting and relaxing in response to voluntary messages from the nervous system, deeming skeletal muscles, the only voluntary muscles in the human body. Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles found inside the walls of the stomach,

Muscular Dystrophy is a disease that destroys the muscles. As the disease progresses the muscles start to weaken and deteriorate. Over time, the person will start losing their ability to function, move, and in many cases can lead to the death.

Muscular Dystrophy also known as MD, is made up of a group of genetic diseases where muscle fibers are unusually susceptible to damage and the damaged muscles become progressively weak. Muscular Dystrophy is caused by certain defects with a specific type of gene known as the abnormal gene. Majority of muscular dystrophies come from an inherited disease referred to as X-linked disorders or genetic diseases in which mothers can transmit to their sons, even if the mother is not affected by the disease.

Osteoarthritis knee is the common form of arthritis; it causes degeneration of knee joints. It develops when cartilage, the lining of joints that allows smooth movement between opposing bones, starts to break down, especially in the elderly. Swelling and inflammation in the affected knee joint are a major cause of pain and disability.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system protects the body’s health by attacking unknown substances like bacteria and viruses, and mistakenly attacks the body’s joints. This creates inflammation causing the tissue that lines the inside of joints to thicken, which results in swelling and pain in and around the joints. The tissue makes a fluid that lubricates joints and helps them move smoothly. If inflammation goes unchecked, it can damage cartilage, the elastic tissue that covers the ends of bones in a joint, as well as the bones themselves. Over time, there is loss of cartilage, and the joint spacing between bones may become smaller. Joints can become

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a very common joint deterioration disease that touches millions of people around the world every day. With an estimated occurrence of 60 % in men and 70 % in women (). Osteoarthritis is a condition sometimes called “wear and tear” arthritis because the joints are affected by degeneration( Mega). With OA it affects the cartilage of the joint which is the tissue that covers the ends of the bones in a joint. With healthy cartilage, bones can slide over each other, and it also helps with the absorbing shock of movement. Unforntantly in patients who have OA, there is a breakdown of cartilage, and it wears away, which allows bones to rub together. As bones rub together this will cause pain, swelling, and possible loss os motion in the joint. After a while the joint loses its normal shape, there may also be bone spurs of the joint. Bone and cartilage may break off inside joint space and float around which will lead to even

Osteoarthritis is a condition where joint and bone cartilage start to deteriorate. This is can be caused by age, injury in joint areas, and genetics. There is no known cure for Osteoarthritis, but recommended treatments such as, exercise, physical therapy, stretching, can help minimize the symptoms. Osteoarthritis is more commonly found in the elderly, women, people who are obese, people who have had an injury in the joint areas, people who worked in certain occupations, and those who have been born with bone deformities.

Osteoarthritis occurs when life events have worn away the cartilage between the joints. As the cartilage tears and wears away, the bones rub against each other causing pain. Osteoarthritis can affect any joint in the body, but the most commonly

Muscle tissue enables movement of structures within the body and movement of the entire person. There are three types. Skeletal muscle tissue controls the structures of the body and allows us to walk. It is long and cylindrical in shape, with many nuclei located at the edges. Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the heart and helps to control blow-flow. They are branched and have only one nucleus. Smooth muscle tissue is found in the

Osteoarthritis is a common cause of disability which is characterized by continuous cartilage loss and degeneration, sclerosis of the subchondral bone and development of osteophytes. These degeneration changes will cause pain, loss of mobility and decrease muscle function.

• Arthritis – there are many types of arthritis and the old at risk of getting the disease, more so the seniors aged 65 are worst hit. The disease affects nearly all the joints in the body. In its worst, all the cartilage in your joints wears off, causing the bones to rub against each other and may result in disability. Arthritis is a painful condition. To prevent the condition, you must eat a healthy diet and exercise regularly.

When a person smokes, the lungs’ automatic defense mechanism is to do many things such as cough to keep out the harmful particles and gases. Other defense includes “physical barriers, reflexes, the sorptive capacity of the epithelial lining, the mucociliary apparatus, alveolar macrophages” (Pulmonary Diseases). All of these defenses mentioned are extremely important because without them, our lungs would be in very bad shape from tobacco smoke.