Agonist Muscles

The angular velocity begins at the support foot plant phase and continues into the follow-through phase. For a player to achieve a maximal velocity instep kick, this is one of the main biomechanical principles to focus on improving, as the greater the velocity of the kicking leg, the greater the power. The kicking leg is modelled as a three link kinetic chain composed by the segmental forces of the thigh, shank and foot, where angular velocities are measured (Nunome, Asai, Ikegami & Sakurai, 2002). The kicking leg’s forward motion is initiated by the rotation of the pelvis, and the thigh of the kicking leg being brought forwards with

Connected to the scapula is the shoulder: the deltoid anterior, deltoid lateral, pectoralis major and bicep brachi contract to create forward flexion at one of these shoulder joints. Parallel the deltoid, infraspinatus and teresminor are contracted to cause extension of the shoulder joint. Travelling along each arm the triceps brachi and aneconeus muscles are contracted to extend the elbow joint. The radio-carpal joint in extension uses the extensor carpi radialis longus, abductor pollicis and flexor carpi radialis to perform the neutral positioning of the radio-carpel and extension of the phalanges

Pronator teres: This muscle extends from the head of the humerus over the elbow to the ulna bone to help flex the elbow.

The second type of movement in the muscles are antagonist. Antagonist muscles compete with a specific movement. This controls a motion, slows it down, and returns a limb to its original position. Antagonism is not an essential property; it is a role that a muscle plays depending on the motion. If a motion is reversed, agonist and antagonist muscles switch roles. Because a flexor muscle is always a flexor, in flexion it is the agonist, and in extension it is the antagonist. On the other hand, an extensor muscle is the agonist in extension and the antagonist in flexion. Using the example above of the triceps brachii during a push-up, the elbow flexor muscles are the antagonists during both the up phase and down phase of the movement. The last

The prime movers in the left shoulder that move it back to its neutral position are the anterior deltoid and the bicep brachii. Concentric contractions followed by eccentric contractions of both of these muscles move the shoulder from extension and abduction to it neutral state by flexing and adducting the shoulder. The prime movers in the right shoulder are again the anterior and middle deltoid along with the supraspinatus that contract isometrically to keep the shoulder in horizontal abduction. When the right shoulder is let down after follow through, the prime movers are the triceps and the posterior deltoids which eccentrically contract to extend the shoulder to its neutral position. Therefore the muscles of the shoulder are exceedingly imperative to the action of shoot a

Hamstring muscles concentrically contract to shorten the muscles to pull your hips forward. The knee is concentrically extending, and the quadriceps muscles shorten to pull the knee back to a straight position.

For example, to extend the knee, a group of four muscles called the quadriceps femoris in the anterior compartment of the thigh are activated (and would be called the agonists of knee extension). However, to flex the knee joint, an opposite or antagonistic set of muscles called the hamstrings is activated.

Moreover, the Achilles tendon bends the knee and plantar flexes the toes. Because the Achilles tendon connects to the leg muscles, it gives the ability to push off when one is

(Peterson and Redlund-Johnell, 2009). Functional movements of the joint include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction both frontal and transverse plane, medial and lateral rotation and circumduction. The shoulder also allows for scapular protraction, retraction, elevation, and depression (Quillen, Wuchner, Hatch, 2004). The primary stabilisers of the shoulder are the biceps brachii (anterior side of the arm), and tendons of the rotator cuff (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis) which stabilise the joint by fusing to all sides of the capsule except the inferior margin (Tami, Akutsu and Yano, 2013). The joint capsule and the ligaments of the GH joint work together to provide passive restraint, ensuring the humeral head remains in contact with the glenoid fossa. The lateral attachment of the GH joint capsule attaches to the anatomical neck of the humerous while the glenoid and the labrum are the medial attachment points (Dutton, 2008). When the arm is in the resting position, the inferior and anterior portions of the capsule is loose, while the superior portion is tight.

muscle to contract and the knee straighten, the outcome will be stretching of the opposite muscle

It is important for a muscle to be attached to a fixed origin and a moving insertion because the immovable and movable bones attached on either side of the attached muscle, causing angular movements that change the angle of two bones. When the muscles contractacross the joints, they move towards the fixged origin by using the moving insertion. In order for the biceps to lift weights, they must use flexion and tension. Flexion describes the straightening of the muscle that increases the angle. Extension is when the joint moves in a posterior

Balance is the most important of the three techniques in throwing. Balance is determined by one’s stance. A wider stance with feet roughly shoulder width apart and one foot, the foot designated by the throwing arm, back. One must keep their center of balance lower than when walking or running.Without the proper stance falling is imminent. Balance is also important because without balance your throw will not be straight. But balance alone does not a thrower make, Power is rather important as well.

The authors conducted this study to see how and when this ability in humans evolved by studying the mechanics used in throwing. They compared the mechanics of throwing of humans to that of chimpanzees. The authors said that previous studies found that the internal rotator muscles are responsible fort the power of the human throw. The investigators hypothesize that the elastic energy storage is the important source for this power. They also stated that other features of the human shoulder are important in storing this energy and

The trapezius has elevated the scapula; the origin is the external occipital protuberance, medial portion of the super nuchae and spinous process C-7 through T-12 and the insertion is a lateral one third of the clavicle, acromion and spine of the scapula. The final phase is the recovery, this is very similar to the initial phase, which was the catch phase there are some differences. In the recovery phase, the shoulders and elbows are again abducted and extended, and the scapulars are abducted. The shoulder girdle responsible for , adduction/abduction, downward /upward rotation, elevation/depression, the muscles involved: tramezius, pectoralis, The shoulder joint is responsible for flexion and extension muscles involved: latissimus dorsi, teres major/minor, deltoid, and infraspinatus. The elbow joint is responsible for flexion and extension muscles involved: Biceps brachii brachialis,brachioradialis. The shoulder girdle, elbow joint, and shoulder joint involved all eccentric

Muscle is the stretchiest of the three types of muscular system. Stretching itself will allow your body to be looser and move easier in all directions if done correctly. It will make the