Agrobacterium Causes Crown-Gall Disease?

First, 50 uL of bacterial cells were made competent by being treated with 590 uL of CaCl2 in three different test tubes before transformation of the plasmids took place. In order to enhance the uptake of the plasmid DNA the instructor added the CaCl2 solution to the bacterial cells. The tubes were placed into a cold ice bath for about ten minutes after the CaCl2 solution was added into the test tubes of E. Coli.

The purpose of this experiment was to show the genetic transformation of E. coli bacteria with a plasmid that codes for Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and contains a gene regulatory system that confers ampicillin resistance. A plasmid is a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of chromosomes. In this lab, the Green Fluorescent Protein, which is typically found in the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea Victoria, was cloned, purified, and moved from one organism to another with the use of pGlo plasmids. It was hypothesized that if bacteria that were transformed with +pGlo plasmids are given the gene for GFP, then transformed cell colonies

1.2 ml of the bacterial cultures are taken to pellet the cells and remove supernatant while

The plasmid pGLO contains an antibiotic-resistance gene, ampR, and the GFP gene is regulated by the control region of the ara operon. Ampicillin is an antibiotic that kills E. coli, so if E. coli, so if E. coli cells contain the ampicillin-resistance gene, the cells can survive exposure to ampicillin since the ampicillin-resistance gene encodes an enzyme that inactivates the antibiotic. Thus, transformed E. coli cells containing ampicillin-resistance plasmids can easily be selected simply growing the bacteria in the presence of ampicillin-only the transformed cells survive. The ara control region regulates GFP expression by the addition of arabinose, so the GFP gene can be turned on and

The objective of this experiment was to genetically transform E.coli cells to express ampicillin resistance and to produce the green fluorescent protein by using the pGLO plasmid. It was hypothesized that only the cells with pGLO DNA added to the solution would be able to survive in the same environment as the ampicillin, and that only the cells grown in the plate with arabinose would fluoresce bright green. The results supported the hypothesis, showing that the +pGLO LB/amp/ara plate was the only plate that had fluorescent cells and grew. Additionally, that +pGLO cells were the only ones that grew on an LB/amp plate.

How does the addition of pGLO plasmid to a solution containing E. coli bacteria affect the growth and characteristics of the bacteria? Genetic transformation is the incorporation of foreign DNA into an organism to potentially change the organism’s trait. Plasmids are small circular DNA that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome. In nature, these plasmids can be transferred between bacteria allowing for the sharing of beneficial genes. Due to this characteristic, plasmids allow for genetic manipulation and can be moved between bacteria easily. The pGLO plasmid utilized in this experiment encodes the gene for Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), which under the right conditions can produce a glow. The gene regulation system present in the pGLO plasmid requires

In the pGLO Bacterial Transformation lab, Escherichia coli is transformed with a gene encoding green fluorescent protein by inserting a plasmid containing the GFP gene, beta-lactamase, and arabinose into the bacterium. Successfully transformed bacteria will grow in the presence of ampicillin and glow a bright green color under ultraviolet light. The sugar arabinose is responsible for switching on the GFP gene in the transformed cells, without it, the gene will not be expressed.

“Bacterial illness is a result of complex interactions between bacteria and the host. During evolution, humans developed many ways to protect themselves against bacterial pathogens. On the other hand, bacteria have developed strategies to evade, subvert or circumvent these defenses” (Sousa, 2003) “One of the most important characteristics of bacterial pathogenicity is the various strategies developed by prokaryotic organisms to use host molecules for their own benefit” (Sousa, 2003). “To accomplish this, bacteria have evolved elaborate control mechanisms to turn genes on and off, varying the transcriptional activator or

This experiment was performed to assess the efficacy of genetic transformations on bacteria via plasmid DNA coding for ampicillin resistance and green fluorescent protein. Genetic transformation was studied by taking transformed and untransformed Escherichia Coli (E. coli) and placing them on various media to observe gene expression via growth and color under UV light. The transformed E. coli were able to grow on ampicillin while the untransformed E. coli, which lacked the plasmid genes for ampicillin resistance, only grew on nutrient broth. In the presence of arabinose, the transformed E. coli glowed green. These results support the previous scientific understanding of bacterial competency, vectors, and gene expression and support gene transformations as an effective method to transfer the desirable DNA of one organism into another organism’s DNA. These results can be applied to real world issues such as medical treatments, food production, and environmental conservation.

Abstract:Conjugation is a natural occurring process that involves the transfer of DNA from one cell into another through a physical connection between the cells. In the following experiment, two strains of Escherichia coli bacterial cells (donor F'lac+strs and recipient F-lac-strr) underwent conjugation to produce a transconjugant strain (F'lac+strr). MAC plates and streptomycin were utilized to determine if conjugation had occurred. When plated, the donor colonies appeared red and the recipient colonies appeared white. The transconjugant plates showed red and white colonies. Using alkaline lysis miniprep, a DNA plasmid was isolated from the donor and transconjugant strains and FIGE electrophoresis was used to determine the size of the

Set during the gold rush era The Sisters Brothers by Patrick DeWitt tells the tale of two brothers Charlie and Eli who work together as murderers for hire Right from the beginning it is evident that Eli doesnt share his brothers enthusiasm for killing As the novel progresses Eli becomes more familiarized to his sensitive side He starts watching his weight brushing his teeth and even searching for love Finally Eli completely leaves the path of murder when he sees their target Herman Kermit Warms innovative way to find gold Similar to when Eli comes across the toothbrush Eli sees the brilliance of the human mind in Warms invention and finally decides to put his old ways behind him once and for all Through the acts of saving a horse falling in

In this last situation, resistant genes become embedded in small units of DNA, called transpons, which can easily move into other DNA molecules. Making matters worse, many bacteria have specialized transpons called integrons, which act like flypaper when catching new genes (3).

A Brief Report on: “Drinking with Your Kids” Parental provision and locations to consume alcohol are associated with a significant increase in minors alcohol use, heavy episodic drinking and alcohol associated issues. The research method used to conduct this study is a case study. A case study is an in-depth inquiry of an individual subject. Psychologist gathered data from different longitudinal, cross-sectional and quantitative studies to view how different approaches of direct supply of alcohol to minors from their parents significantly increased alcohol use, heavy episodic drinking and alcohol associated issues.

Plasmids are small double stranded circular non chromosomal DNA molecules containing their own origin of replication. Hence, they are capable of replication independent of the chromosomal DNA in bacteria. Plasmids present in one or more copies per cell, can carry extra chromosomal DNA from one cell to another cell and serve as tools to clone and manipulate genes. Plasmids used exclusively for this purpose are known as vectors. The genes of interest can be inserted into these vector plasmids creating a recombinant plasmid. Recombinant plasmids can play a significant role in gene therapy, DNA vaccination, and drug delivery [Rapley, 2000].

The, “War on Drugs” has been an ongoing debate in many circles for much longer than most people know. Starting in the late 1800’s, drug regulations and laws have been imposed upon American society and, although they have changed and been manipulated to fit different policies, by different politicians with different agendas, they are still in effect today. These laws and regulations may be in place for the safety of society or, according to some, are a way for the federal government to control the American population. With the many different effects, uses or styles of drugs available both legally and illegally there are countless reasons why these regulations are in place, but equally as many examples of why they are not needed or are detrimental to our culture. The more recent regulations have brought about more negative issues in society than the positive result they were intended for. The initiation of the War on Drugs as a peacemaking criminological approach to drugs in an effort to eliminate illegal drug use has failed resulting in overcrowding and dangerous prisons, increased violence and fatality rates in the underground drug trade and unjustifiable costs to the American taxpayer for the treatment and incarceration of those targeted. A look at a brief history of drugs in America will help put this failure into context.