Aiding The Fight Against Thyroid Cancer

ATC likely arises from the loss of differentiation of other thyroid carcinomas, including papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas. Mutations of the proto-oncogenes,

The thyroid gland is the gland that makes and stores hormones that help regulate the heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and metabolism. Thyroid hormones are essential for the function of every cell in the body. They help regulate growth and the rate of chemical reactions in the body. Thyroid hormones also help children grow and develop. The thyroid gland is located in the lower part of the neck, below the Adam's apple, wrapped around the trachea. It has the shape of a butterfly with two lobes attached to one another by a middle part called the isthmus. The thyroid uses iodine, a mineral found in some foods and in iodized salt, to make its hormones. The two most important thyroid hormones are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine

What is thyroid cancer, and is it dangerous? To answer this one must first know the function of the thyroid. A thyroid is a gland at the front of the neck right under the sound box, which secretes hormones that affect heart rate, body temperature and weight. It also makes calcitonin, which keeps a healthy level of calcium in the body. Thyroids are made up of tissue, when the cells that make up the tissue of the thyroid gland start to form unnecessarily, and cells that are damaged are not killed, tumors called nodules form on the thyroid thus resulting in cancer. Around 45,000 women and 15,000 men were diagnosed with thyroid cancer in 2013 alone, most of whom were above the age of 45. However getting thyroid cancer is not the worst thing in the world as it is treatable but there should still be more investment and research put into this disease so that less risky methods of taking out the cancer can be found.

The thyroid gland is the gland that makes and stores hormones that help regulate the heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and metabolism. Thyroid hormones are essential for the function of every cell in the body. They help regulate growth and the rate of chemical reactions in the body. Thyroid hormones also help children grow and develop. The thyroid gland is located in the lower part of the neck, below the Adam's apple, wrapped around the trachea. It has the shape of a butterfly with two lobes attached to one another by a middle part called the isthmus. The thyroid uses iodine, a mineral found in some foods and in iodized salt, to make its hormones. The two most important thyroid hormones are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine

Most thyroid tumors can be readily diagnosed using histopathologic criteria, which allow the pathologist to differentiate benign from malignant lesions and guarantee an accurate classification for the majority of the variants of carcinomas derived from follicular epithelial cells. However, in most cases, the pathologist is confronted with thyroid lesions in which the distinction between benign and malignant can be quite subtle. The decision favoring one or another has clinical consequences and implies different modalities of treatment. For this reason, the approach to these challenging tumors should include ancillary techniques, immunohistochemistry and molecular profiling, that can improve the standard morphologic assessment (3).

The thyroid gland is found in the front of the neck and produces two main hormones. The hormones are called thuroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3). Together these hormones regulate the body’s metabolism by increasing energy use in cells, regulate growth and development, help to maintain body temperature and aid in oxygen consumption. These two hormones are regulated by hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The hypothalamus senses changes in body’s metabolic rate and releases a hormone known as thyropin-releasing hormone (TRH). This hormone then flows through connecting vessels to the pituitary gland which signals it to release another hormone. This hormone is known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH then makes

At this time, it is not clear how much diagnostic radiation is contributing to the increase in thyroid cancer cases. It is possible that the increase in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer can be attributed to a greater rate of detection by use of ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration3. The thyroid tissue itself is among the tissues that are less sensitive to radiation, however, thyroid cancer is still such a concern because the thyroid is so superficial in the body1 (77). “Even doses as small as 50–100 mGy have been associated with an increased risk of thyroid malignancy in children, with a

The most common endocrine system malignancy in the Unites States is thyroid cancer. The majority of diagnosed thyroid cancers are classified as differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). More specifically, these cancers are either papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) or follicular thyroid cancers (FTC), with 80.2% being diagnosed as papillary and 11.4% as follicular (Avram, 2012). DTC is the fifth most common cancer among females and has ten year survival rates of 97% for PTC and 94% for FTC (Khan et al., 2015; Marcus, Whitworth, Surasis, Pai, & Subramaniam, 2014). The majority of patients diagnosed with DTC receive a near-total or total thyroidectomy. Some patients also have lymph nodes or surrounding tissue removed as well dependent on metastases (Avram, 2012).

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) is the most common cancer of the endocrine system. The survival rate of patients diagnosed with DTC is around 90%. The disease primarily affects young patients. The most common treatment for DTC is thyroid removal, followed by ablation of the remaining tissue with radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy. One concern for these patients is the risk of developing a nonsynchronous second primary malignancy (NSPM) during their lifetime. There have been previous studies that have concluded that approximately 30% to 40% of DTC survivors have a higher risk for developing a NSPM. The article “Risk of secondary primary malignancy in differentiated thyroid carcinoma treated with radioactive iodine therapy” compares

If a patient presents these symptoms to a physician, he/she most likely will order blood tests (TSH-usually normal in thyroid cancer), an ultrasound exam, or a radioiodine scan. The physician may also order a biopsy to determine if cancer is present. This is performed by a fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the nodule on the thyroid. Other tests, such as genetic testing, can be done to see if the BRAF, RET or PTC genes have been mutated.

Once the disease is identified as anaplastic thyroid cancer, the next step is treatment. With anaplastic thyroid cancer, one must be very diligent with treatment. Treatment should begin as close to the date of diagnoses as possible, as anaplastic thyroid cancer is very aggressive and extremely fatal. If treatment is not administered quickly or effectively, there is a significantly high chance of fatality of the patient. Since the treatment has to counteract the disease’s aggression, it

Thyroid carcinoma is a common endocrine carcinoma. It is variably type depend on types of cells or pattern of the growth. Most common type is papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) followed by follicular type carcinoma (FTC). PTC have 3 subtypes depend on the growth pattern such as pure papillary, follicular and mixed. Distant metastasis of malignant tumor to the mandible is a rare condition and account about 1 per cent of all malignant tumor.1 The reported incidence of mandibular metastasisfrom thyroid carcinomas is rare and estimated approximately also about 1 per cent.1Because of their bloodstream dissemination,most of them are a consequence of the FTC compare to PTC which metastasizes via lymphatic route.2

it is in essentially the most recent WHO classification that is integrated into the thyroid tumor group (9), it may have histologic features typical for either follicular or papillary thyroid carcinoma, and the diagnosis is made utilising the same criteria as for thyroid carcinomas.(10) ,

The thyroid gland is butterfly-shaped organ located in the front of the neck just above the trachea connected by an isthmus [1]. the major function of thyroid gland is the Production of the T3, T4 and calcitonin hormones. Dysfunction of thyroid gland causes the shortcoming in the production of thyroid hormones. Thyroid disorders related to dyshormonogenesis e.g. (Goiter, Thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Graves ' disease, thyroid cancer, thyroid nodule, thyroid storm)[2]. For the diagnoses of thyroid disease we use chemical and radiological investigation [3], for a chemical we use the laboratory test for measuring the concentration of thyroid hormones in the circulation include total T3 and T4 hormone [4], and for the radiological exam, we use various modalities (ultrasound, CT, MRI and Nuclear Medicines). Ultrasound is the leading imaging technique for diagnosis of thyroid diseases [5][6], Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging also have a high important role for assessment the thyroid malignancy [7]. Nuclear medicine is the imaging of utilization of radioactive compounds in medicine to image and treat various human diseases. It depends on the ‘tracer principle’ that studies of the fate of compounds in vivo using small amounts of radioactive materials [8]. Nuclear medicine used to diagnose major tissues and organs of the body by using the radiopharmaceuticals.The patient is administered a radiopharmaceutical that distributes according to a

When the thyroid is resectable at presentation, total thyroidectomy is the current treatment of choice for malignant disorders of the thyroid and valuable surgical option for the management of several benign thyroid diseases, particularly among patients with an increased risk of recurrence. (1, 13–16)