Air Force Materials Report Jet Fuel

1. In 1930, who first patented a design for a reaction (jet) type motor suitable for aircraft propulsion?

One of the technologies invented in world war II was the jet engine. when was the jet engine invented. The jet engine was invented in 1941 by a scientist called Frank Wittyl. Event tho it was new innovative technology it spent most of its time in the war on the ground because of massive fuel consumption

Coal, crude oil, and natural gas are all considered fossil fuels because they were formed from the buried remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago.

Most aviation jet fuels are derived from Kerosene. Kerosene molecules can have varying numbers of carbons. It can have as little as 12 or as many as 15. This means the chemical formula can be anywhere from C_12 H_26 to C_15 H_32. (FOUR). From these basic chemical structures stem those that form JP-8, Jet-A, and other jet fuels. Jet-A is the lowest grade of fuel made from kerosene molecules. Typically available only in the United States to civilian aircraft, Jet-A varies from 8 to 16 carbon atoms per molecule. Jet-A1 fuel is nearly identical to Jet-A, except that it is manufactured to a higher standard as Jet-A, and is therefore available worldwide. Jet-A1 also contains between 8 and 16 carbon atoms per molecule. JP-8, also commonly known as NATO F-34 by other nations, is Jet-A1 with a package of additives specifically designed for military aircraft. These additives allow static dissipation, corrosion reduction, lubrication, anti-icing, and sometimes anti-oxidation and metal deactivation (FIVE).

To start off with, the first bomber plane dated all the way back to before World War I. During this period of time, the pilot of the aircraft would have to open up the window of the cockpit and hand-throw the bombs (Polmar). Germany, who fought on the Axis side in World War II, developed the first true bomber plane when the war started (Polmar). After the war got going the USA caught on with Germany’s ideas and created their own versions of a bomber (Polmar). The one that they created was

Some background of gunpowder started with a man named Berthold Schwarz. He was a German monk who was the first to make gunpowder around the 1300s. He also invented the first gun which wasn't technically a gun but a huge heavy cannon which used gunpowder to fire (Kevin 4).

Bunker Fuel, more commonly known as Fuel Oil is obtained from crude oil (Wisegeek, n.d.). Bunker Fuel has a large hydrocarbon chain making it very viscous (Wisegeek, n.d.). Bunker Fuel is also highly contaminated with substances that manufacturers are unable to remov (Wisegeek, n.d.). Because of this, when Bunker Fuel is burned, it creates a lot of pollution (Wisegeek, n.d.). Bunker Fuel needs to be heated before it can be used in an engine (Wisegeek, n.d.). Because of this, it can only be used in a few engines, such as those on a ship (Wisegeek, n.d.). Also, because Bunker Fuel is so dirty, it makes it very hard for most engines to burn, however, since ship engines are so large, and sophisticate it allows them to burn Bunker Fuel (Wisegeek, n.d.). Bunker Fuel is also very cheap making so that ship companies buy this over

Every single day society uses different technology to get through the day but we never know where our help was made or how, even how it was made. One key factor in any type of tech that we use is what keeps it running and how efficient that power source is like gasoline. A lot of tech and automotive are built to run on fossil fuels and also gasoline is the biggest source of natural raw material to be used as a energy. Gasoline is the life source to most American transportation systems and vehicles. Petroleum products and internal combustion engines have helped the United States into a world power over the past century and continues to power the overall majority of motor vehicles like land, sea, or air transportation. Even though people

Most people have a theory that the fossil fuels we have today are from the remains of dead dinosaurs. Which is in fact not true, but what is true is that these fossil fuels were at one time alive. They formed when prehistoric animals and plants died and were covered by rock and other plant growth (energy.gov 2014). Organic matter, along with varying temperatures and pressure worked together to produce the fossil fuels. Different types of fossil fuels were developed depending on how much pressure and what the temperature was involved at the time of the forming of these fossil fuels. (energy.gov 2014). These fossil fuels, what are today known mainly as coal, oil, and natural gas, were the different types of fossil fuels that were developed and which are the ones that are still being used today. According to the U.S. department of energy, oil and natural gas were formed from living things in the ocean, which were then buried under the ocean sediments. Later, the seas and oceans evaporated and they began to compress with heat and pressure under the silt, which is how oil was formed. With that, some of the oil continued to sink underground and kept compressing and causing pressure, which in turn produced natural gas. Coal formed from the dead remains of trees, ferns and other plants that lived 300 to 400 million years ago. In some areas, such as portions of what-is-now the eastern United States, coal was formed from swamps covered by sea water.

Fuels can contain organic and carbon of any solid or liquid above the fuel surface itself. All matter can be present in solid, liquid, or gas. Combustion occurs in a solid or liquid fuel above the surface within the vapors usually by heating the fuel surface (Gann & Friedman, 2015). Ambient conditions come from the presence of the ignition source or from exposure from an already ignited flame. Pyrolysis cause vapors to release in the room air, then become ignited when the air ratio and vapor mixture is appropriate (Gann & Friedman, 2015). Solid products can be involved in the initial stage or in the final stage of burning (Gann & Friedman, 2015). Gaseous fuels do not necessarily require gas vaporization or pyrolysis before the combination to can occur (Gann & Friedman, 2015). If the proper air mixture and an ignition source is in place combustion can occur. The solid or liquid fuel is very important in the ignition and burning of material. Example if you have a solid piece of wood like a piece of lumber it will take longer to ignite and begin burning than that of saw dust or fine particles. The reason is the fine dust particles are much more loose and not bonded together and takes less ignition source to ignite (Gann & Friedman,

1 To illustrate, jet fuel is tied to the price of oil and, over the past year, oil prices surged from about $70 to $135 per barrel. Consequently, the price of jet fuel increased markedly, from an average of $1.77 per gallon to $4.20 by the mid-summer of 2008.

In this chapter, it was tried to describe a new perspective for the future aviation industry fuel provision. Considering serious constrictions ruled by CAAA, it is of high probability that Avgas, the current conventional aviation fuel, will be forbidden because of air polluting problem it causes and the fact that it contains considerable amounts of lead element which is hazardous. Ethanol, as a green biofuel, has a promising production potential to be introduced as an alternative fuel according to the current aviation market capacity. Advantages and disadvantages of ethanol usage as an aviation alternative was fully described. The necessary airplane engine modification was mentioned to compensate some of ethanol drawbacks along with some case

We will be using 6 different fuels to heat up 100ml of water, and find out the changes of the temperature. We will measure the temperatures of the water before and after the experiment. We will burn heat the water for exactly 2 minutes, and check the changes in temperature. The change in temperature will allow us to work out the energy given off the fuel by using this formula:

The formation of the other two fossil fuels (crude oil and natural gas) took millions of years just like coal. Oil and gas come from the remains of small animals and plants. Long ago, when the animals and plants died, they sank to the bottom of the sea. The dead matter formed a large mass, which over time was covered by layers of sand, silt, and mud. As the weight of the sediment increased, the mass became more and more compressed. Then, the heat and pressure of the Earth eventually turned the mass into oil and gas. If the heat applied during the formation was low, then more oil was produced than gas. If the temperature was

The present paper deals with the opportunities and challenges in the production of aviation biofuel from renewable feedstock. Discussions on the characteristics of feedstock, the methods used in the production process, a comparison of renewable hydrocarbon fuel with biohydrogen, biodiesel, bioalcohol and biomethane as alternative fuels, the industry commitments and collaborations and future outlook and recommendations in this field are also included.