Air Pollution In Madrid

Three quarters of emissions in 2004 were coming from road traffic (Woodcock, p.1930, 2009). Emissions used from transportation are forecasted to increase from the year 2007-2030 by about 80% according to studies done by James Woodcock who is currently studying climate change and health from car fuels (Woodcock, p.1930, 2009). This is due to the fact that the emissions from vehicles are increasing significantly and are higher than any other energy fragment (Woodcock, p.1930, 2009). The only way to lower this percentage is to decrease the number of individual automobiles on the road and increase the number of public transit systems, starting long distance walking to work or school, carpooling or even biking to destinations. These principles would

Yes, I agree with your post. I just would like to comment regarding the air pollution. The pollution in the air causes quite a few problems in the nineteenth century such as: the trees started to dye, the smoke irritated the nose and they was prone to other diseases. “The poor immigrants and blacks who lived and worked in crowed inner cities were especially prone to diphtheria and pneumonia” (Merchant, 120). The air pollution was mainly in the towns where there was coal burning

Cars consist of being the number one way of travel throughout the United States. We rely on them to transport us to work, activities and necessary destinations. With this constant use of vehicles, it has had a negative impact on the environment. Although cars were invented almost a century ago to make life easier with getting around, car pollution has been our number one source of air pollution and has significantly impacted our environment due to how accessible they are. Arising problems such as air pollution, global warming, and health issues of americans, we have to come to the understanding that our environment is at risk if the amount of car pollution continues to increase.

The city was becoming an inhumane place to live and today present different view. We are experiencing the emergence of a new urbanism that, unlike traditional planning does not seek the satisfaction only, of the maximum economic efficiency of a city, where the flow of capital, selling cars, real estate speculation and manufacturing productivity are above the minimum human needs. The "New Urbanism" offers a balanced city, where economic, social and environmental are in the same plane of importance, where humans and their physiological and psychological needs are the starting point of urban planning. The New Urbanism simply proposes a human city; we might well call, planning of the city for the Humans.

In 1992, the United Nations described Mexico City’s air as the most polluted on the planet. Six years later,earned its name “the most dangerous city in the world for children”. But despite more than a decade of dangerous pollution, a haze hangs over the city most days, obscuring the surrounding snow-capped mountains and endangering the health of its inhabitants. Geography interferes with human population to produce a poisonous scenario. Located in the crater of an extinct volcano, Mexico City is about 2,240 metres above sea level. The lower levels of oxygen at this altitude cause incomplete fuel in engines and higher types of compounds. Intense sunlight turns these into abnormal smog levels. Overall, the smog prevents the sun from heating up atmosphere enough to penetrate the ozone layer above the city. Solving this problem has been a priority for Mexico. Recent efforts to lower levels of emissions have been successful. In the 1990s, the government introduced air quality improvement programs that included a rotating one-weekday ban on car use. On days of high pollution, the ban extends to every second day. In addition to this program, car owners must have their vehicles certified every six months.

Since the last century, society has been witness of great deal of changes, as political as economic, and technological. These changes have opened a new world of possibilities which was not available before, people should consider themselves fortunate of living on the 21st century. There is access to information as has never been before. Nevertheless, change always has consequences, and on this time of technology is not the exception. The earth is dying slowly, the air people is breathing is not safe anymore. The United States has a bad air quality, an example of it, is the city of Houston, in the state of Texas. In fact, Houston’s pollution problem has become a dangerous health issue over the last years. To solve this severe problem is necessary

The wellbeing of people is interconnected with the wellbeing of cities. What people think and feel about the city is highly interacted with the civilization and urbanization of the city, yet planning and urban design also play a crucial role in this situation. Cities are where humanity’s innovation, creative and intellectual ideation take place. These potentials that come from human integration is major fact that lead to the success of a

The "socialist” city was constructed after World War II to accommodate the rapid increase of people caused by industrialization. The general appearance of this type of city was heavily influenced by what was in practice in the Soviet Union. The city has vast streets and large public areas. Housing consists of four tofive story apartment buildings. Normally, construction was sub-par. Apartments commonly consist of two or three rooms plus a kitchen and a bathroom. All apartments have access to gas, electricity, and municipal water and most have central heating. There is minimal space for parking and children's play. The center of the city is devoted to government buildings, not to commercial outlets and the service sector. Places of employment, especially industry, are located some distance from

In today’s society an individual can travel to cities all over the world and experience different technological innovations in various forms. Skyscrapers, highway systems, and suspension bridges are all forms of innovation that, through the help of engineering and complex technological systems, can be observed in nearly every city around the world. These technological innovations have allowed sprawling urban environments to become the definition of a developed country, despite their infamous reputation for loud noises, traffic, and decreased air quality. Seen and unseen forces such as organization of labor and an expanded industry base gave rise to these urban centers through thoughtful planning and execution.

They show that the city should not obligatory be a source of contamination, but it can be almost just as ecological, as suburbs. The new city will be green, full with forests, gardens, and fields (The City - 1939 Housing in America Documentary 22:30 min). It should not be overcrowded and of the size which would perfectly fit people needs. People will live in convenience, having well-developed infrastructure and cozy neighborhoods, proper for bringing up children. Promoting green way of life (Howard 73), the authors, nevertheless, do not deny industrialization. They insist on making the factories more automatized, so that they produced less emissions and people could do less hard work (The City - 1939 Housing in America Documentary 23:20 min)

Mexico has a very high air pollution which is very costly referring to the World Bank they say that each year air pollution is estimated to 500,000 to 1 million premature deaths worldwide and costs equivalent to around 2% of the GDP. Worldbank This is a very big issue as people could get sick easily and die earlier than they should.

The book is an analysis of the early urban planning policy which is implemented in almost many of the neighborhoods in United States. Jane Jacobs describes the important factors that is really affecting cities and proposes considerations and techniques to improve the city's actual performance by looking into things that influences on how the cities work rather than how it works based on urban planners and designers.

The modern reality of the cities is defined by complex urban, social and environmental problems. The era of intense urbanisation is associated with the phenomenon of the unregulated urban sprawl, globalisation and consumerism. Especially for the metropolis, for both, the developed and developing countries, there is overconcentration of the population in confined spaces, which leads to insufficient-available infrastructures of common utility, accommodation and transportation. This has become a fact that is causing problems with the living conditions, and enhances the negative environmental effects. Due to those problems, humanity tried to create a theoretical concept of the ‘ideal’ and an

The city has never stopped its pace of development since new technologies bought the city a new lease of life. As a reason, it created many opportunities associated with transport, infrastructure, manufacturing that influence people’s lifestyle in terms of urban form and population. The purpose of this paper is to compare the consequences of similarities and differences from Auckland (New Zealand) and New York (America). Although, these two cities indicates two different urban form. There are similarities at the same time and they shows the general trend of the spread of cities.

In this book Lynch defines that performance of the city can be measured by reference to its spatial form. But the quality of a place is depends upon combined effect of place and the society which occupies that place. Here Lynch sets up new dimensions for performance in his own criteria. Author also expresses his approach on size of the city, conservation and growth, planning practices and utopian models. The dimensions which are demonstrated in this book may not be fully perfect but of course they combine all social values as well as physical values. Lynch believed that these described dimensions must cover all features of all forms of the settlements and all these dimensions should be usable where values are different.