Airway Expirations

There are numerous different challenges that the paramedic will face in attempting to keep an airway patent. These challenges vary from patient to patient depending on their condition. One challenge in keeping a patent airway the paramedic will face is trying to maintain the airway of a trauma patient. Trauma patients make it difficult to maintain an airway due to the traumatic damage, especially if it has affected the face and neck regions.

Ineffective breathing pattern related to bronchoconstriction as evidenced by decreased SpO2 of 91% and increased respirations of 28 breaths per minute (Pillitteri, 2014, p. 1224).

Mr. Joseph is a 56-year-old has 30 smoking pack years. He was diagnosed 10 years ago with asthma/chronic bronchitis, arthritis of the knees, and congestive heart failure (CHF). Mr. Joseph weighs 350 pounds with a height of 6 feet, making his body mass index (BMI) of 47.5, much more than the recommended 25, and in fact his BMI places him in the morbid obesity classification. He takes medicines for his pulmonary conditions, along with a diuretic.

In this essay we will consider a few major aspects of respiration. We shall first consider the interesting history of the study of respiration before moving on to our modern understanding of respiration. We will look at the structure and function of the respiratory system including the upper and lower respiratory tracts with a note on the control system. Secondly we will consider the physiology of respiration. Thirdly we will discuss some of the major common disorders and diseases which affect the system with a special focus on asthma. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF RESPIRATION Hippocrates "counted air as an instrument of the body" just as food was eaten. Galen (129-200) felt

Exercise 7: Respiratory System Mechanics: Activity 2: Comparative Spirometry Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly. 1. A normal resting tidal volume is expected to be around You correctly answered: d. 500 ml. 2. Which respiratory process is impaired the most by emphysema? You correctly answered: c. expiration 3. During an asthma attack You correctly answered: b. inspiration and expiration are impaired. 4. During moderate aerobic exercise, which respiratory variable increases the most? You correctly answered: a. tidal volume 5. Inhaler medications for an asthma patient are designed to You correctly answered: b. dilate the patient's bronchioles.

Participants in this study performed two types of tasks: chest wall maneuvers and speech breathing activities. The chest wall tasks consisted of many different maneuvers, including isovolume, vital capacity, rib cage capacity, abdominal capacity, and relaxation maneuvers. Isovolume maneuvers were conducted, in which the participant displaced volume back and forth from the abdomen to the rib cage with a closed larynx. In vital capacity maneuvers, the participant inspired maximally from resting expiratory level then expired maximally. The minimum and maximum rib cage volumes during the vital capacity maneuver determined rib cage capacity maneuvers, and abdominal capacity maneuvers consisted of the range of abdominal volumes while the participant held their breath. Lastly, relaxation maneuvers were performed in which the participant completely relaxed the chest wall muscles while keeping their larynx closed. Speech breathing activities consisted of two measures: extemporaneous speech and reading speech. For the extemporaneous speech activity, the participant spoke 10 to 20 breath groups about the topic of his choice. For the reading speech activity, the participant read a 12-sentence

“Asthma is an example of an obstructive lung disease in which the airways obstruct the outflow of air. In contrast, pulmonary fibrosis is an example of a restrictive lung disease in which the functional size of the lung decreases” (Michael G. Miller, John M. Weiler). Exercise-induced asthma is when the airways are narrowed in the lungs when doing the high-energy activity. In the Journal of Athlete Training, it states that at least fifteen to twenty percent of athletes show evidence of having exercise-induced asthma. Athletes that are affected by exercise-induced asthma may not able to withstand high-intensity training. If not properly treated the athlete would experience symptoms that could worsen. Exercise-induced asthma in athletes requires

There is also a large increase in airway resistance and a collapse of the lower airways during expiration and a decrease in the elastic recoil of the

Mr. L has pulmonary fibrosis, meaning a build up of scar tissue within the walls of his lungs. This build up of scar tissue makes it harder for him to catch his breath for a number of physiological reasons. Irritation of his lung tissue causes inflammation and then the build up of fibrous tissue. This makes it very difficult for him to maintain adequate gas levels within his body.

The respiratory system is the inhalation and exhalation of air; this is so that the body can take in oxygen which is used by every cell in the body. It allows oxygen into the lungs and carbon dioxide out of the lungs. Breathing in is when the intercostal muscles relax and external intercostal muscles contract, this causes the ribcage to move up and outwards. Also by breathing in the diaphragm contracts, which pulls downwards and flattens, the lung volume increases and the pressure inside decreases, furthermore the air is pushed into the lungs. On the other hand breathing out is more than less the opposite of breathing in. when the body breathes out the external intercostal muscles relax and the intercostal muscles contract, the ribcage also pulls downwards and inwards, the diaphragm too relaxes causing it to move upwards back to its dome shape, the lungs volume decreases and the air pressure inside increases and air is pushed out of the lungs. Gas exchange takes place in the lungs in the alveoli; the alveoli have thin walls- makes diffusion easier, large surface area, moist surface and many blood capillaries. For aerobic respiration to take place it needs oxygen, which releases huge quantity of energy in food as it being broken-down. The equation for aerobic respiration is glucose (from the food we eat) + oxygen (from breathing in) = carbon dioxide + water (+ energy in the form of ATP). The

COPD patients experience shortness of breath and suffer from tightness in their chest, which leads to wheezing and laboured breathing. Damage to the lung parenchyma and recoiling mechanisms causes poor oxygenation of blood and accumulation of carbon dioxide (GOLD, 2006). COPD is characterized by persistent cough, sputum production due to excess mucus secretion by damaged airways and impaired ciliary mucus clearance. Expectoration of

Mr. Adam’s pulmonary function test (PFT) revealed a pattern of increased air-trapping and residual volume as well as a decrease in expiratory volume and diffusion capacity. Based on the Global Initiative for Chronic

The effects of not breathing properly or efficiently can result in muscle imbalances, motor control changes and a range of unhealthy physiological processes, These results demonstrate the importance of diaphragmatic breathing on functional movement. Inefficient breathing could result in muscular imbalance, motor control alterations, as well as physiological variations that can transform movement and affect the whole person. Bradley (2014, p. 28). Client A’s symptoms are tinnitus in his left ear, throat sensations, headaches predominately on the right side, pressure across his forehead, aching in his right eye, teeth aching on the right side, difficulty breathing through his nose, poor sleep patterns, discomfort in his back on the left side. He experiences fatigue and pain in muscles of the neck, shoulder and chest. Treatment History Client A has had this condition for approximately 12 months. He was diagnosed by Otolaryngologist, Dr Jim Bartley, in February, 2016, (Appendix 1) with a dysfunctional breathing pattern and poor

The frequent use of accessory muscles can indicate a respiratory problem especially if the patient purses their lips and flare their nostrils when breathing (Publications, 2007).

Gradually and over time, this increased expiratory effort during phonation develops increased tension in the laryngeal musculatures which is responsible for the perceived dysphonia.This means that at least great part of dysphonia in our subjects is functional (muscle tension or hyperfunctional dysphonia). The primary cause of this dysphonia is the weak pulmonary support of air.Moreover, the characters of dysphonia which dominate in our subjects are strained, rough and leaky dysphonia in order. These characters of dysphonia typically occur in hyperfunctional dysphonia.13In this article, the strained dysphonia was found in 23 subjects of COPD(+)dysphonia group (56.7 %). Also, clinical examination by indirect laryngoscopy revealed medial compression ofthe ventricular bands during phonation in about 50% of COPD+dysphonia subjects (17 subjects). Subjects with dysphonia have higher phonatory resistance than those without dysphonia, however the difference is insignificant. This elevated phonatory resistance can be explained by the increased tension of the laryngeal musculatures during