Akuthota Muscular Control Model

to contract, which then allows body movements and functions? There are two types of muscles in

When moving and positioning an individual it is important to ensure they are not moved more than their body is capable of, as muscles can only move bones at the joint as far as the joint allows. It is also important to move and handle correctly to ensure nerve fibres are not damaged as they are delicate structures and also important as they send impulses to muscles which enables the muscles to contract and relax. When an individual is moved and positioned it is important this happens smoothly. Sudden movements or pulling in any direction of an individual’s limbs or

Shoulder flexion/extension; Elbow flexion and extension; Use of the lower and upper back. Muscles involved include the latissimus dorsi, rhomboids, trapezius, deltoids and the pectorals.

The key muscles that contract when executing an inversion are the tibialis posterior and tibialis anterior. The muscles that are required to perform a successful eversion are the fibularis brevis and fibularis longus. The next movement is dorsiflextion, which requires the flexion of tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles. Lastly, the motion of plantar flexion demands the contraction of the gastrocnemius, plantaris soleus, and the fibularis longus. Since the ligaments are weak, the surrounding muscles must be stronger in order to stabilize those ligaments or those ligaments might become very fragile and

Using this unique device, clinicians can measure neuromuscular control by calculating the ability to maintain dynamic bilateral and unilateral postural stability on a static or unstable surface (Biodex

The major muscle groups consist of the upper body, Rotator cuff muscle, Upper arm, Quadriceps, Hamstring group, Lower leg and Midsection. The Upper Body consists of the Trapezious muscle which Orgin is located near the base of skull, occipital protuberance and posterior ligaments of neck. The middle spinous process of 7c and T1 - T3. The lower spinous process of T4-T12. The insertion of the upper Trapezius is located in the posterial aspect of the lateral clavicle. The middle Trapezius is located in the medial border

The background of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) is traced back to the late 1940s/early 1950s with Herman Kabat (MD), Margaret Knott (PT), and Dorothy Voss (PT) being the developers of this method. PNF was developed to treat neurological dysfunctions (such as multiple sclerosis and cerebral palsy) . “This was an attempt to gain better control in a population of neurologically impaired instead of just offering the standard treatment at the time which was range of motion exercising and gate belt training”(Knott and Voss, 1968). Even though PNF was developed for neurological dysfunctions overtime it also became principle used in others areas of life such as with athletes and personal/physical trainers. The common misconception with

Researchers focused on the instantaneous effects of intervention only. All participants reported both an increase of pain and presented an increase in spinal extension, following interventions. There was not a measurable difference between the two intervention groups. However, researchers did find that either PA mobilization or press-up exercises are effective interventions for relieving systems associated with nonspecific low back

There are about 600 muscles in the body working together to create movement. Muscle contractions pull both ends of the muscle towards one another. One bone attached to each muscle is always more stabilized than the other. The less stabilized bone moves during muscle contraction due to the weaker stability. The points of attachment determine which bone will move. The least movable part is called the origin; it is the part that attaches closer to the midline of the body. This leaves the most movable part called the insertion. Each of these points can be identified in individual muscles to assist trainers in understanding how the muscles and joints work together to create motion.

Method: Eleven subjects ranging in age from 18 - 65 were selected based on diagnosis of leg and low back pain. Those who participated in this study reported pain no longer than six months and no less than one month. These patients were screened using a standardized lumbar spine evaluation. Patients AROM, flexibility, medical history, strength, gait, neurology, and soft tissue were also evaluated and measured prior to testing. The test was designed using an A-B-A design where A is the baseline condition and B was intervention with the use of the PBWS. The

The left shoulder abduct concentrically by the deltoids to provide balance for the body. The cervical spine flex laterally sternocleidomastoid. The lumbar spine of the body flex laterally by concentric contractions of the rectus abdominis. The shoulder girdle adducted by isometric contractions of the middle trapezius, upper trapezius, and rhomboids. The elbow extends and flex by isometric contractions of the triceps brachii and biceps brachii on both sides. The wrist extends concentrically by the extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, extensor digiti minimi, extensor indicis, extensor digitorum, and extensor carpi ulnaris. The metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal are extended by concentrically by extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, extensor digiti minimi, extensor indicis, and extensor digitorum on left and right side of the

The quadriceps femoris is the main extensor of the knee. This muscle also influences our form in many other types of movement, depending on how weak or how tight this group of muscles may be.Because the iliopsoas muscles work when you lift your leg toward your torso, the lying leg raise is an example of how you can strengthen the iliopsoas. Perform this exercise with or without weights. To begin, lie on your back with your legs extended.Tight iliopsoas muscles are associated with lower back discomfort because the muscles pull on the pelvis and affect range of motion in the lower back. After you work to strengthen the iliopsoas muscles, stretch them to minimize muscle tension.The iliacus originates in the iliac fossa of the pelvis. The psoas major unites with the iliacus at the level of the inguinal ligament and crosses the hip joint to insert on the lesser trochanter of the femur. The iliopsoas is involved in flexion and lateral rotation (supination) of the thigh.The psoas is a deep-seated core muscle connecting the lumbar vertebrae to the femur. The psoas major is the biggest and strongest player in a group of muscles called the hip flexors: together they contract to pull the thigh and the torso toward each

Proper positioning of patient is one of the most significant components of physical therapy. Safe and comfortable position is recommended by health care professional. This process should apply immediately after accident and continue during all phases of recovery. Suitable positioning assists in stimulating motor function, raises sensory awareness, improve respiration and can help normal range of motion in trunk and extremities. One of the most important effects of positioning is to prevent pressure ulcers. Mostly patients lie on back, involved side of non-affected side. The body points that should be considered are shoulder and pelvis. Gluteus maximus and rhomboid muscles become stiff retract shoulder and pelvis. Due to this, shoulder and pelvis must be positioned in a bit protraction in order to decrease spasticity and tightness.(Mehrholz, 2012)

Low back pain is multidimensional, involving structural, mechanical, psychological and social influences that ultimately results in a complex presentations. There are several clinical practice guidelines for LBP evaluation and management to include the Quebec Task Force on Spinal Disorders (1987), the U.S.

The prime movers in the left shoulder that move it back to its neutral position are the anterior deltoid and the bicep brachii. Concentric contractions followed by eccentric contractions of both of these muscles move the shoulder from extension and abduction to it neutral state by flexing and adducting the shoulder. The prime movers in the right shoulder are again the anterior and middle deltoid along with the supraspinatus that contract isometrically to keep the shoulder in horizontal abduction. When the right shoulder is let down after follow through, the prime movers are the triceps and the posterior deltoids which eccentrically contract to extend the shoulder to its neutral position. Therefore the muscles of the shoulder are exceedingly imperative to the action of shoot a