Alan Turing And The Blue Screen Of Death

In 1937, J.V. Atanasoff, a professor of physics and mathematics at Iowa State University, attempts to build the first computer without gears, cams, belts, and shafts. Then, in 1941 Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford berry, design a computer that can solve 29 equations simultaneously. This is the first computer that can store information on its main memory.

     The Turing Test has had a rich history since its creation by Alan Turing. But first of all, who was Alan Turing? As Whitby notes Alan Turing was a superb British mathematician. During World War II Turing worked in secrecy for the British military to break the German military codes together with some other scientists using some machines that had some characteristics of the modern computers.(12) After the War, a machine was built in Manchester from which “all modern computers are descended”.(12) In 1948, Alan Turing was writing programs for this machine and was also writing the paper “Computing machinery and intelligence”, published in 1950, from which the concept of the Turing Test was derived later on. (Whitby 13).

Along with Carr using the extrinsic truth, he also made sure to include the intrinsic aspect to each example. The digital computer spoken of in the section wasn’t invented at the time, therefore Turing was only but assuming. Carr said in his article that Alan Turing proved the functions of the computer, but gives no details into how he proved it.

Today, the Turing Bombe is not used by the military, yet the machine inspires and reminds of the importance of sciences as World War II was won with the help of the scientific community. Now, the machines are exposed in the British Museum and are part of history. Soldiers and scientific community fought against the Nazis. After World War II, Alan Turing continued to devote himself for his passion of sciences, cryptanalysis, and computers. For instance, Turing is known as the father-creator of computers as in 1941, he designed the Colossus computer (Notes). In addition, he is recognized as an important figure in the scientific community and contributed largely to everyone’s lives, as computers are indispensable in today’s generation.

That there is most likely a problem with a hardware device, critical driver, or a windows component.

He is not only the father/creator of the C programming language, but also the co-creator of the UNIX operating system. He is undoubtedly, the biggest innovator and creator in the field of Computer science. He worked with his longtime colleague Ken Thomson to create UNIX and for that they won the Turing award from ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) in 1983. He had a Bachelors and advanced degrees from Harvard University in the field of Physics and applied mathematics. Following his father’s footsteps, he joined Bell labs in 1967 and

In The year 1912, on the 23rd of june,a child who was named Alan Mathison Turing was born to Julius Mathison and Ethel Sara Turing. His Father was involved in the Indian Civil service and served under the Madras Presidency, where he met and married Alan's mother, Ethel Sara Stoney. Alan was given birth to in a nursing home Paddington, London.

　　The key period of the evolution of modern electronic computer is in between the late 1930s and the early 1950s. Not all of them were invented by the mathematician or physician. Among those machines were pioneering computers put together by english academics notably Manchester/Ferrenti Mark 1, built at Manchester University by Frederic Williams and Thomas Kilburn. And the EDSAC, Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator built by Maurice Wilkes at Cambridge University.

However, according to Shannon himself, what really launched him into the theorization of information was Ralph Hartley’s paper Transmission of Information. This paper developed “a measure of information that could in principle be used for discrete or continuous signals.” Hartley’s publication also proved that a channel’s bandwidth defines how much information can be sent through it. Since a channel’s bandwidth was limited and since continuous signals could be broken down in small steps before being sent through the channel, Hartley concluded that if the steps were small enough, the approximated signal would be not only close but identical to the original signal. Finally, Hartley realized that information could be the “resolving of uncertainty.” He developed a mathematical formula according to this concept to quantify the amount of information in a message but unfortunately, this formula was not complex enough and could not be applied to cases in which the constituents of a message did not have all the same chances of being selected. Indeed, “in written English for instance, some letters are used more frequently than others.” Hartley’s formula would not work when trying to encode sentences for example because he couldn’t model the fact that the letter E had more chances to be selected than any other.

Communication technologies has affected computer programmers in the past because the first programmers were trying to create a program for calculations to more easily do math. The first programmer was Ada King, moreover she wrote the first algorithm to be carried out by a computer from 1842-1843. The first computer was not electric, but all mechanical. Since then computer programmers have been creating many software’s to enhance communications technologies. Around 1889- 1896, Herman Hollerith created the tabular and keypunch system to process information and had also created a control panel that could allow the tabular and keypunch system to preform different tasks. He founded the Tabulating Machine Company in 1896, which later became IBM. Communications technologies was vital during World War II. During the war the first digital and programmable computers were used. They were known as Colossus, and their purpose was to decode encrypted messages from the Germans. In 1947, the first bug in computers was reported by Grace Murray Hopper, it was an actual bug as a moth had flow into the Mark Aiken II Relay Calculator. It had to be “debugged”. By 1949, the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator was created and was known as the first programmable computer with practical storage. It could calculate lists of prime numbers and tables of squares. In 1954, John Backus created the

Computers cannot solve all mathematical problems. Alan Turing identified which problems could and could not be solved by computers, and in doing so founded theoretical computer science.

The first computer became the foundation of all computer development and innovations were created afterwards to support and improve upon it. According to the article “ENIAC” from World of Inventions, the first computer that required the use of electricity was called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) and it was designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly during World War II (“ENIAC”). Eckert and Mauchly’s ENIAC “contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and required 160,000 watts of power. It weighed thirty tons, and took up over 1,500 square feet” (“ENIAC”). In “The Development of Computer Assisted Mathematics” in Science and Its Times, ENIAC was built to use numbers to describe the behavior of explosives, high performance aircraft, and the weather (“Mathematics”). Even though ENIAC’s main use was for military purposes, it can also make meteorology calculations and help with nuclear weapons research (“ENIAC”). According to Brian Overland, a professional programmer of the C family of languages, “electronic . . . made it possible to use wires and vacuum tubes to stimulate logical operations,” and allowed for the use of wires and vacuum

The definition of a computer can vary depending on the time. The first time the word computer was used was in a book named The Yong Mans Gleanings written by Richard Braithwait in 1613. In it he says, “I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number.” (1). This term used here referred to someone that was skilled at math and calculations. The term remained the same until sometime in the 20th century. Shortly after, it took on the more modern term of a machine that solves computations, replacing the older term of, “One Who Calculates”. The abacus, a primitive form of a computer, was invented by the Romans. It was a device that was commonly used for counting money and

The first computer idea came from an English mathematician named Charles Babbage, in 1822, who intended to come up with a solution to change and make a manual time-table organization machine that could calculate various problems efficiently for the government. He came up with an idea of two different products: one which would produce efficient time-tables, calculate basic math equations, and be able to print out the results; and another one which would be able to calculate any specific equation that was programed it to solved. Though the engines he created were both unsuccessful, it did spark a flame towards creating computers in the future (Campbell-Kelly, Martin).

World War 2 is where the field of Computer Science made its first leap out of the shadows of Mathematics. It was thanks to the military need to safely test new weapons of mass destruction with the use of computer simulations that computers got their first push. The military’s desire to encrypt information that a team of humans could not decipher in a reasonable amount of time also helped give rise to machines that could do more complex work than a single human and complete them in faster times than a team of humans. It was various world governments looking to save man power and resources that lead to the shift toward machines, that would one day be computers, working for us.