Albuterol Excessive Bronchodilators: A Case Study

When an asthmatic takes an inhaler “Albuterol sulfate”, the medication works by reducing the inflammation in the airway paths “bronchi and bronchioles” of the lungs, allowing the patient to breath without constriction or symptoms of asthma.

| 1. corticosteroid 2. bronchodilator 3. ACE inhibitor4. cholesterol 5. benzodiazepine 6. potassium sparing diuretic

For adults and children 12 years of age and older, the recommended dosage is 0.63 mg three times daily, given every 6 to 8 hours (maximum 1.25 mg three times a day).

There are many different ways to treat and manage asthma symptoms. Usually steroids are used to take care of asthma but there are some other treatments too. Bronchodilators are one of those treatments. There are many kinds of bronchodilators and work by opening the airway. A few different bronchodilators are Short-term B2 agonists and Long-term B2 agonists. Short term bronchodilators are what rescue inhalers primarily are. These “provide quick, temporary relief from asthma symptoms or flare-ups” says Gstatic.com Long-term B2 agonists are preventatives to try and not let symptoms arrive in the first place. Steroids and steroidal inhalers are some more short term symptom managers. They work by stimulating hormones in your body to reduce inflammation

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, which requires treatment using bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids. Inhalation route is the most direct and efficient way to deliver high amount of drugs to the airways with least systematic side effects. Improper use of the inhaler device is one of the most common reasons for poor asthma control as it can reduce effectiveness and the amount of drugs reaches to the airways (AL-Jahdali et al. 2013). SIGN (2016) and NICE (2013) recommend that when initiate any new inhaler, patients should be trained on proper inhaler

Salbutamol (also known as albuterol in USA) is one of the most famous short-acting β2 agonists. It has become first line treatment for asthma due to its effectiveness. I met this drug in a dispensing session in the first term and I think is a good example of what we have learnt so far. In this essay I will tell you what I know about this drug.

To demonstrate the importance of the Albuterol (beta2), the National Center for Health and the Center for Disease Control (CDC) 2014 statistics show the morbidity in the United States as,

Patients with severe asthma should not be given beta blockers, although those with milder symptoms may be able to tolerate these medications. Careful initiation and monitoring is

Albuterol; is a bronchodilator which means it will open and relax the breathing passages in your lungs. This will treat your wheezing, when you have shortness of breath, and a cough. Side effects that may occur are a shaking, nervous feeling, nausea and dizziness.

I would like to include that Proventil is prescribed as needed. It is a bronchodilator that stimulate beta 2 to cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles and also a short acting relief inhaler used to rescue attack. Rita should use Proventil inhaler before she uses any other inhaler. If used frequently, it will trigger beta 1 reaction which will increase Rita’s heart rate, force of contraction and could cause nervousness. Corticosteroids (prednisone) is given by mouth. Since the doctor ordered prednisone 60mg taper dose, the nurse will teach Rita how to taper (decrease) dose every 2-3 days to avoid systemic effects when the medication is used for long period of time. Do not increase dosage or frequency of taking medication. Overuse

1) The bronchioles of the respiratory system contain the beta 2 receptors, Salbutamol is a beta-2 adrenoceptor agonist capable of binding to beta-2 receptors. Once the drug binds to the beta-2 receptors, the receptors result in conformational change and deforms. Also, Binding to the receptors start to activate the G-Protein in order to convert GDP to GTP. As the result of this, the Alpha part of the G-proteins become separated from gamma-beta subunits and freely distribute into the membrane binding to Adenyl Cyclase leading to the conversion of CAMP from Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Kinase A which is located inside the cell is activated by the CAMP. Activation of Kinase A promote to inactivate the phosphorylation of the myosin enzyme causing

A type of bronchodilator, aminophylline is a type of muscle relaxation medicine that helps lungs and chest circulate oxygen better. It is used to treat and prevent wheezing, restricted breathing and shortness of breath. The medicine is usually prescribed to those with bronchitis, asthma and lung diseases. As this medication requires a prescription, it is very important for a user to follow the instructions prescribed and take only at the times and the amount prescribed by his or her physician. Aminophylline can be in the form of liquid syrup, a pill or a cream. How this drug works is by making the lungs less sensitive to any allergens or foreign substances that may be inhaled, thus causing the muscles to relax in the chest and lungs and opening up the air passages so that breathing can be easier. It also increases the contractions in the diaphragm which aids better breathing patterns.

CF is an autosomal recessive disorder that is predominately found in European decent. It affects various systems in the human body, however, it is the respiratory system that contributes to the high mortality rate due to pulmonary decline. This is due to a mutation in the CFTR gene, depending on what mutational class it falls under can indicate the severity of their clinical outcomes. The lack or complete absence of functionality of the CFTR gene results in mucus accumulation in the airways, which consequently makes them more prone to infections that may hasten their lung deterioration and even endanger their lives. Even though there is no cure for CF a number therapeutic classes are implemented usually in concomitant with each other to delay progression of lung disease and provide symptomatic relief.

There is growing concern that intense glucose lowering or the use of certain agents may be associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes.

Ipratropium, Tiotropium bromide are anticholinergic agents widely used as second-line bronchodilator (after β2-agonists). The anticholinergic agents are effective for patients with severe airway obstruction and acute asthma exacerbations leads to cholinergic activation through viral infection, allergen exposure and air pollution. The combination of anticholinergic agent with SABA is the best treatment option for the of β-blocker induced asthma.