Alcl3 Lipid Case Study

The inverse effects between the consumption of stimulant like caffeine and depressant like alcohol has been well established over the years. Alcohol has a paradoxical effect that makes it first appear as a stimulant (American heart association, 2015). The two faced nature is due to ethanol the most active ingredient in alcohol. Alcohol slows down the nervous system by acting on the brain’s inhibitory neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid. Studies have shown Bradycardia (slow or decreased heart rate) in people who consume too much alcohol (ehealthMe, 2015). Drinking alcohol can completely alter a person’s concentration, mood, and coordination (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2013). Too much consumption of alcohol could

Over a time span of drinking, significant changes are happening in the brain but cannot be seen. The hippocampus is one of the most vulnerable parts of the

In the present study, the MDA level was measured as an index of lipid peroxidation in order to observe the effect of caffeine on the oxidative stress induced by AlCl3 in cortex, hippocampus and striatum brain areas. Brain tissues are more vulnerable to oxidative stress other than tissues for many reasons such as high oxygen consumption (more than 20% of the total inspired oxygen), the presence of abundant amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids which are susceptible to free radicals attack, low antioxidant levels, high iron content in addition to the non-regenerative nature of neurons (Nehru and Anand, 2005; Kim et al., 2015). All these reasons may explain why brain is more susceptible to aluminum toxicity than other organs. In the present

White PJ & Nguyen TT. 2002. _Chronic Caffeine Treatment Causes Changes in Cardiac Adenosine Receptor Function in Rats_. 65,3, 129-135.

Caffeine is a wildly use drug in today’s society. Caffeine is a methylated xanthine which acts as a mild central nervous system stimulant (MS & RL, 2001). It is a stimulant which acts upon the central nervous system and increases alertness, wakefulness and restlessness and it increases the release of catecholamine from renal medullar (Fernandez, 2016; Collines, 2007). It is present in many beverages. Caffeine is found in coffee, tea, soft drinks, products containing chocolate (cocoa) and some medication (Collines, 2007). It is used as a cardiac and respiratory stimulant (Collines, 2007).Caffeine is the most frequently ingested pharmacologically active substance in the world (Collines, 2007).

Due to the influx release of serotonin alcohol produces, the cerebral cortex is damaged and impairs one 's ability to learn, make informed decisions, and retain information. Glutamate is an additional neurotransmitter extremely susceptible to alcohol. Glutamate affects memory and is the reason why some individuals experience loss of remembrance when consuming large amounts of alcohol.

Similarly, an increase in the levels of lipid peroxidation was observed in Aβ-induced rat hippocampal cells, confirming previous reports [17]. Enzymatic antioxidants such as SOD, catalase, and GPX act as the cellular antioxidant defense mechanism against free radicals. Since NADPH is required for the regeneration of catalase from its inactive form, catalase activity might be decreased in Aβ induced toxicity due to reduced NADPH levels. In this study, we have reported that Honokiol treatment significantly increased the enzymatic antioxidant activities in APP-CHO cells. In addition, non-enzymatic antioxidants like GSH also exhibited beneficial neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress. GSH is an endogenous nonenzymatic antioxidant that prevents damage to cellular components caused by ROS such as free radicals and peroxides. GSH is oxidized to glutathione disulfide (GSSG) by ROS, thereby causing a reduction in the level of GSH. GR reduces GSSG to GSH via NADPH, which in turn is released by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [18]. Honokiol treatment upregulated the activity of these antioxidants in APP-CHO cells. In addition to oxidative stress, a strong association between insulin resistance and the development of AD has been demonstrated. Several studies have reported that insulin resistance (IR), an underlying characteristic of type 2 diabetes, is an important risk factor for AD

The behaviour of caffeine acts as a stimulant which increase brain memory. Caffeine belongs to the xanthine chemical group that has an influence on the central nervous

Most of us have witnessed the effects of alcohol, whether it be slurring words, lack of balance, or lack of judgement. These physical signs occur due to the effect of alcohol in our brains and central nervous system. Although many of us have witnessed or experienced effects of alcohol, very few of us have knowledge of what exactly is happening to our body and brain when consuming alcohol. It has always been evident that alcohol has an effect on the brain, which can in turn impair the behavior and thinking processes of individuals. However, most of society is unaware of the chemical reaction that is occurring within their body and brains every time they consume alcohol. Alcohol affects brain chemistry by the altering levels of neurotransmitters. Alcohol increases the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA in the brain, causing slower or sluggish movements and slurred speech that is a common occurrence with

Alcohol is classified as a depressant, known to slow the function of the central nervous system. The effects of long-term alcohol use impact the brain 's ability to function properly, while limiting the capacity for comprehension of information and processing of memories. Reports from the National Institute of Health have shown that the deficiency of Thiamine, or vitamin B1, is commonly seen with alcoholism, and can be linked to dementia-like symptoms associated with alcoholic encephalopathy and Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (U.S. Natl. Library of Medicine). Excessive alcohol consumption is responsible for disturbances

Drinking caffeine can cause you to “temporarily enjoy sharper vision” due to the adrenaline rush and “stimulates the release of dopamine” (Stoddard). Dopamine, a neurotransmitter and is responsible for “learning about rewards” (Newton). It is also commonly known as the “feel-good” hormone. The substance is being studied for “potential benefits in battling Parkinson's disease” (Brian). Parkinson’s disease is a “neurodegenerative brain disorder” that causes the dopamine in the brain to “break down” (WebMD). Studies have shown that “caffeine seems to block a malfunctioning brain signal in Parkinson’s disease”, lessening the severity of the disease (Tessman). These studies have also shown that “people who use caffeine are less likely to develop Parkinson’s disease” (Tessman). Nothing is 100 percent proven as different people have different reactions, but the future of caffeine and medicine is looking bright. Since the drug is so inexpensive and easy to access, it could help many people who could normally not afford the expensive medications that could have the same result. Caffeine can also aid in concentration, making it beneficial to drink while studying for students. It also “opens blood vessels to allow for greater blood flow” supplying the brain and heart with even more oxygen (Ted). With this extra oxygen from the increased blood flow, the brain and heart can work more

“Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant that produces its primary effects via antagonism of the A1 and A2 adenosine receptor subtypes” (Butler, 2009). Effects of chronic ethanol exposure and withdrawal on the brain are heterogeneous and continue to be accepted that it can alter function, and destiny of receptor proteins. These changes can make you vulnerable to different behaviors and seizures, and alcohol craving in humans. There has been speculation of whether there was a sex difference in the neurotoxicity produced by different receptors during ethanol withdrawal. The current studies were made to find the effect of non-specific adenosine receptor antagonism with caffeine in male and female rats (Butler, 2009).

Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class. It’s the world's most generally consumed psychoactive drug. In contrast to several alternative psychoactive substances, it’s legal and unregulated in nearly all parts of the globe. There are many known mechanisms of action to clarify the effects of caffeine. The foremost outstanding is that it reversibly blocks the action of adenosine on its receptor and consequently prevents the onset of drowsiness induced by adenosine. Caffeine additionally stimulates certain parts of the autonomic nervous system.

In the neocortex, acetylcholine (ACh) stimulates arousal and plays a major role in attention and working memory (Jones, 2008). Neuropsychological studies on caffeine report increased arousal, alertness, increased energy and concentration (Smith, 2002; Ruxton, 2008; Brunye´ et al., 2010) even at doses as low as 50 mg, which is comparable to the amount of caffeine in a cup of tea. It has been indicated that even in low doses caffeine improves performance on attention tasks (Brunye´ et al., 2010a). However, caffeine intake has also been associated with anxiety, nervousness, irritability, insomnia and even panic attacks (Bruce et al., 1992; Lieberman, 1992; Sicard et al., 1996) . During an elevated plus maze test of anxiety in rats, it was found that high doses of caffeine brought a remarkably increased anxiety-like behavior (Jain et al., 2005).

According to energyfiend.com a study in Japan showed that caffeine increases memory and has been shown to decrease the rate of Alzheimer’s. This study also showed that caffeine can decrease depression by increasing Dopamine (A mood altering hormone) in the brain. With the increase in production of Dopamine, daily intake of caffeine has also been shown to decrease the rate of Parkinson’s disease.