All Material At This Website 1998-2005 By Christopher Michael Langan

The author’s word choice is still vague, indicating the creature is not yet completely aware of himself or his environment, however the creature is now able to identify, to a certain degree, aspects of his environment and make connections between those aspects and his sensations. For instance, the creature is able to associate the “several changes of day and night” and “the orb of night [that] had greatly lessened”, or in other words the waning phases of the moon, with the passage of time. He even notes that he “began to distinguish [his] sensations from each other” after so much time had passed. He also began to identify the “clear stream that supplied [him] with drink” as a quencher of his thirst, and “the trees that shaded [him] with their foliage” as shelter or protection from the “oppressive” heat that drained his energy. Likewise, a baby begins to identify its mother’s breast as a quencher of its thirst, or begins to make connections between nighttime and sleeping. The creature is learning about his life and his world as time goes on, just like babies learn more about their lives and their worlds as they grow older. He was even able to identify that “a pleasant sound … proceeded from the throats of little winged

* Semantic memory- general knowledge that is not tied to the time when information was learnt

Memory refers to the persistence of learning in a state that can be revealed at a later time (Squire, 1987). A memory is a network of neocortical neurons and the connections that link them. That network is formed by experience as a result of the concurrent activation of neuronal ensembles that

how God’s creatures operate. The danger suspected by naturalists proved true – men of science

Evolution’s various events are calculated and reported in moments of time: eras, millennia, centuries, years, seasons, months, days, hours and minutes. Within those time markers are: formation of our planet, biology, Revolutions, and Homeo Sapiens. Yuval Noah Hariari’s brief history is hardly a brief narrative. However, it is an easy-to-follow delineation of educated statements surrounding humankind’s integrated journey from the beginning of “time” to the year 2014. The book takes the reader on a purposeful, witty and eye-opening account of the various time zones homo sapiens and wildlife, as-well-as biology and science, have traveled. Mr. Hariari leaves one wanting to advance quickly into the next chapter, even though the reader already knows how the story ends. Yuri chose to write about time periods, breaking down our past into orderly sections within his book. Without taking sides, the author tells the tale of how the earth’s inhabitants have evolved, all within the web of a ticking clock. In current day, we live with daylight savings, 24-hour clocks and time zones; our lives are dictated by the hour. The concept of

Kandel would then take two neurons from the slug and preserve them in broth. He then manipulated the neurons so they communicated to each other. Kandel’s results showed that the slug’s gill could be modified by habituation, sensitization, and classical conditioning. Kandel also showed that when the slugs were learning a new task a change was apparent in their neurons. Kandel found out that the synapses became stronger when signals that reinforced relation went through.

Sims had never known such fear—or such exhilaration. The object of his scientific curiosity lay just above him. If he could just keep his footing for a few more feet, something no other human had seen awaited him on the other side.

• The ‘man-made’ science is gullible but dogmatically advocates that everything in Macro-cosmos as ‘dead’ and everything that is happening there as ‘Lifeless Forces of Nature’. Unable to ‘recognize’ in those ‘Forces of Nature’ The CREATIVE POWER of the respective part of ‘The UNIVERSE’, and in the infinite immensity of ‘Macro-Cosmos’ a body of ‘The Universe’, and the master ‘behind everything’ - The ‘I’ of ‘The Universe’, it regards, even for the size of this planet, super-microscopic terrestrial humans as the highest form of life in ‘the Universe’!? In analogy, a human cell could regard itself and other cells in the body as the Highest Life form, and completely ignore organs as living entities, not to mention the ‘Organism’ itself.

The Creature is bewildered and captivated by mankind and human nature. He sees the beauty and the relationships but

When a planarian is cut segments one the anterior, the head, and the other segment the posterior, the tail, both segments will regenerate into two individual organisms. What is interesting is that both individuals retain their memory from when they were a single organisms (Caitlin 2015). These planaria also use a chemical called gradient to learn, this allows them to be subjected to classical conditioning. The reason these planarians are studied is because through these simple animals scientists wish to understand more about the memory and ability to learn of higher functioning animals such as

Learning is a very important aspect of humans and creatures alike. Not only is it essential to the survival and adaption into this world but it also defines who we are as individuals (Schiller et al, 2010; Tronson & Taylor, 2007). Memories from past experiences shape the people that we are today. A crucial element to learning is memory, without it we would not be able to retain information. The process of memory is very distinct and consists of several different stages: acquisition of memory, consolidation, retrieval and then either reconsolidation or extinction (Debiec & Ledoux, 2004; Diergaarde, Schoffelmeer & De Vries, 2008). As memory is such a critical aspect of learning, it is no wonder that its distinct process has become the topic of much research in the neurobiological universe (Hupbach et al, 2007; Nader & Hardt, 2009).

Benedict de Spinoza takes an unique stance in his Ethics, claiming all things exist only to prolong their own existence and preserve their essence. Yet there are plenty of examples in nature alone that seem to counter his claims where creatures strive for an action that will lead to their deaths, as seen in the case of various species of spiders and bees. However, Spinoza’s claim that things strive to preserve their essence fails to fulfill his goal in explaining how and why nature works the way it does, as seen in the case with self-sacrificial spiders as well as the behavioral and biological aspects of male bees (drones). Thus, I argue that although Spinoza tries to move away from a teleological account of the world to a more mechanistic one by introducing his idea of self-preservation, his idea is lacking and is unable to actually explain anything in depth, and we therefore must look to Aristotle’s account of final causes to actually understand the behavior of aforementioned creatures. In order to develop my argument I will begin by discussing Spinoza’s stance on the self-preservation of essence and why his account fails to actually provide an in-depth explanation about how nature works, and then I will look at the behavior of male redback spiders as well as the self-destructive biology of male bees which will help demonstrate why Aristotle’s teleological account of nature is still

Furthermore, the author uses an enumeration of examples to define the word organism as well as convince the reader that humans are also part of an organism. Thomas enumerates examples to illustrate what an organism is. For instance, one particular example contrasts how a few termites can move around pellets, but obtain nothing out of it while an agglomeration of termites can use those pellets to construct magnificent architecture (234), emphasizing the differences between the work of an individual and the work of mass of individuals. Hence, Thomas gives an extended definition of the word organism through his enumeration of examples as each example contrasts the abilities of the individual life-form to those of thousands of that specific life-form,

Many philosophers agree that consciousness provides a very difficult problem in understanding the mind-body concept; this is why from a materialist’s point of view, the problem is not sufficient enough for giving one’s attention. Thomas Negal on the other hand, finds the problem rather interesting. Negal’s “What Is It Like to Be a Bat?” proposes a number of arguments, one of them which states that the subjective approach to the mind-body problem should be abandoned for a more objective approach (Nagel 1974, pp. 436). The purpose of this essay is to show that Negal’s arguments are sufficient in describing whether it is indeed possible to know what it is like to be a bat, portraying his arguments in an orderly fashion, and ultimately

”Bond adherence to the world of flora and fauna and of the hills insects and the animals is a result of his commitment to the place he was born in to the words, the hills and flocks of birds, insects and the trees –all draw his attention with such impassioned intensity that at once he feel an inner urge to the lose his own identity in them.” (creative counters 46 )