Allele Variation Of The Gene

1. List whether the student was positive or negative for each characteristic and include whether the characteristic is dominant or recessive. (6 points)

Genetics and behavior relations has been a controversial topic for several years, however, as time has passed so has the demand for proof or disproof of the relationship. One of the most important reasons for the need to define this relationship is to uncover the truths behind violent or delinquent behavior. Also, it is important that we can weed out people who make false claims that their genes are responsible for their actions in order for us to appropriately distribute penalties or treatment. Another reason is that if we do find truths to these claims we can find ways to treat these behaviors for better outcomes. Though many studies have been conducted to reveal associations, more research is yet to be done that explores all connections and detailed backgrounds of those involved in the studies. To begin validating our theories, we must use genotyping, which is the comparison of an individual’s genetic make-up through exploration of their DNA sequence then comparing it to the DNA sequence of another individual or a reference sample. Utilizing genotyping, we are able to view the alleles an individual inherited from their parents (slide 4).

The study of Social anxiety shows no clear causes for its variety of symptoms, but psychologists have been able to determined triggers and possible factors for its development. As psychologists continue to study social phobia, they have determined many possible causes. Since the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, psychologists have

6. Gather data: On the DESCRIPTION tab, click Reset. Set DD and dd to any values you like. Fill in the initial values in the table below, and then run the Gizmo for five generations. Record the allele and genotype percentages for each generation in the table below.

A much discussed gene in the field of genetic psychology is the MAOA gene which encodes the MAO-A enzyme. Monoamine oxidase A is an enzyme that can degrade amine neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin. Several variants of the gene are seen in humans due to different combinations of the alleles that make it up. MAOA-L, a variant of the gene linked with aggressive and violent behaviour - predominantly amongst men - has earned itself the nickname ‘the warrior gene’ and is cited as a cause for antisocial behavioural tendencies. Following the large extent of research around the gene and its translation onto peoples’ behaviour, the presence of the gene has been argued in court as a grounding for defence in situations where

Human cells carry two copies of each chromosome they have two versions of each gene and the different versions are called alleles. Alleles can be either dominant or recessive. Dominant alleles means you have one copy of the gene or your heterozygous. Recessive alleles means you have two copies of the gene or your homozygous.

A wise person once said, "Worrying is like walking around with an umbrella waiting for it to rain. " People may say that you can simply take the umbrella away, others may just convince you to change your mind and just trust there will be no rain. Someone with anxiety cannot simply remove these thoughts quite so easily. Like telling someone to just brush the worry off or just forget about the anxiety, convincing someone that it will not rain is nearly impossible. The anxiety within a person controls their life and the decisions they make.

The unknown D. melanogaster mutant feature different phenotypic characteristics in wings compared to those in wild-type flies. The wild-type flies have balloon-like structure wings with oval-shaped edge and continuous bristle hair row surrounding the wing margin. Meanwhile the mutant wings exhibit incisions in different size and shapes along the wing margins with discontinuous bristle hair row. The mutant wings are also slightly smaller than the wild-type ones. These features

The results show that under selection factors and environmental differences natural selection determines which allele should become more common. In the control simulation the frequency of white alleles to brown alleles, once this mutation was added, was about the same amount. It was almost half white and half brown. In simulation two the environment was an equatorial climate such as a forest and wolves were used as the predatory influence. Once the predatory factor was introduced it can be seen that the alleles of white fur decreased and at the end of the simulation the allele was almost lost. Thus, brown fur alleles were naturally selected in the equatorial environment. The fur color blends in with the environment helping them become harder to find by predators. Whereas, for the white bunnies their phenotype stood out in an equatorial environment causing them to be caught easily. Hence, it can be said that the brown fur alleles had a higher fitness which is why their occurrence was greater and that the white allele was less fit leading to less offspring being produced. Consequently, this supports my hypothesis that the brown fur allele would have a higher frequency in the equatorial environment.

The disorder typically begins in childhood, and the National Institute of Mental Health estimates that 3.7 percent of 18 to 54 year olds in the United States have social anxiety disorder, with women diagnosed twice as often as men (1). Although researchers are not completely sure of the biological basis of social anxiety, some believe that its basis may lie in the amygdala, a small portion of the brain that controls fear response. NIMH scientists have also found a possible genetic component: through research on mice, they have found a gene that relates to fearfulness (1). Additionally, hormones may play a role, specifically fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone levels in women (4). Environment may also be important, as people with social anxiety may learn the behavior from watching and patterning those around them (1). Treatment may include the use of medications such as selective seretonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and beta blockers specifically for "performance phobias." Individuals may also benefit from behavioral therapy, which involves gradual exposure to feared situations (1).

The results of the twin study revealed that the DNA segments of the HTR1A gene were identical; neither had the gene missing or inactivated. The data of all the twins’ DNA was tested for differences and the results fit the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model, meaning that there were no deviations or major differences in the HTR1A gene between twins. Each twin had identical genes and there was no difference between the twins who had anxiety disorders and depression and those that did not. The data from this study suggests that the HTR1A gene is not the gene, if there is one, that is responsible for anxiety disorders. It is possible that the gene with a combination of other factors, in some people, causes anxiety or depressive behavior. Without knowing a third variable, or perhaps environmental trigger, the HTR1A alone cannot be said to be responsible for anxiety disorders.

This research study suggests that familial factors can contribute to the development of anxiety disorders through numerous methods. When an individual’s family of origin possesses a history of traumatic experiences, it engenders behavioural epigenetic changes that can instigate anxiety. Additionally, when individuals have ancestors with Epilepsy, their susceptibility to anxiety disorder/s is increased. Similarly, when individuals experience childhood abuse, they also acquire epigenetic changes, as well as serotonin deficiencies, which have the capacity to cause anxiety disorder/s. However, in other cases, the influences

Social Phobia, also called social anxiety disorder (SAD), is one of the most common, but misconstrued mental health problems in society. According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA), over 15 million adults suffer from the disorder. First appearing in the DSM-III as Social Phobia, and later in the DSM-IV as Social Anxiety Disorder, this newly established disorder denotes afflicting stress and anxiety associated with social situations (Zakri 677). According to James W. Jefferson, two forms of Social phobia exist: specific and generalized. Specific social phobia indicates anxiety limited to few performance situations, while generalized indicates anxiety in all social situations (Jefferson). Many people often interchangeably link this disorder to shyness––a personality trait. However, although they have striking similarities, the two are divergent. To begin with, SAD has an extensive etiology ranging from multiple factors. Furthermore, symptoms of various aspects accompany SAD. Moreover, SAD has detrimental impacts affecting quality of life. Lastly, SAD has numerous methods of treatment. Social Phobia is prevalent in both women and men beginning at the onset of puberty (ADAA).

Among all anxiety problems, social anxiety disorder is most common anxiety issue and third most common problem in all mental complications (American Psychiatric Association, 2000; Hofmann & Bogels, 2006). SAD is a mental disorder which has a tendency to become chronic and badly disturbs normal functions of life if not diagnosed and treated in time (Beesdo-Baum, et al., 2012; Garcia-Lopez, Piqueras, Diaz-Castela, & Ingles, 2008). It is also among the most prevailing mental disorders and is described in Criterion A of DSM-V as “Marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others. Examples include social interactions (e.g., having a conversation, meeting unfamiliar people), being observed (e.g., eating or drinking), and performing in front of others (e.g., giving a speech)” (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). A specific amount of anxiety is always anticipated socially and helps an individual managing future threats (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). But having social anxiety means that anxiety is too much for normal functioning during social situations and often interferes with

Also the retest-reliability of the Interaction Anxiousness Scale (IAS; Leary, 1983) is .80. “The correlation coefficient of the IAS and Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SAD; Peng et al., 2004) is 0.66, whereas it is 0.29 for the Self-rating Anxiety Scale.” Although the IAS was very valid, it did not cover all factors of social anxiety of the Tibetan, Han, and Muslim college students in Qinghai Province. Another limitation was the stratified random sampling that they used in their study. Representations of this study are unclear because of this method of sampling is random and simple. This sampling method should be paired with other sampling methods to make this study more effective and representations more clear. A further limitation was time and capacity therefore limiting the researchers. They did not consider situational factors effect anxiety in their studies on the students. Furthermore they only studied students of Tibetan, Han, and Muslim ethnicity so the result may not be generalized to other