Allergies Research Paper

Nasal allergies are a reaction to allergens in the air. Allergens are particles in the air that cause your body to have an allergic reaction. Nasal allergies are not passed from person to person (contagious). They cannot be cured, but can be controlled.

The APC’s, when activated, migrate to the lymph nodes and interact with T and B cells to initiate the immune response. Antigens gets broken down to peptide fragments and presented on the cell surface by major histocompatibility complex 2 molecules (MHC-II) to T cell receptors. For this reaction to be significant, a co-stimulatory signal is also needed to increase interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. IL-2 is a T cell growth factor that is necessary for T cell activation. When T cells are activated the Th2 cytokines are produced. In particular, IL-4 causes CD4+ cells to adopt Th2 properties and stimulates B and T cell proliferation, along with the upregulation of MHC-II expression. IL-4 also causes B cells to undergo class switching and produce IgE that is specific to the allergen. The IgE binds to the Fc receptors on mast cells and basophils and upon re-exposure to the allergen, mediators, mainly histamine, leukotrienes, and cytokines, are released from preformed granules in the cell.4 Another cytokine, IL-5, activates eosinophils and has a stimulatory role on B cell growth. Eosinophils, along with neutrophils, basophils, T cells, and macrophages produce more cytokines and inflammatory mediators, which keeps the inflammatory response active. This is known as the late phase of an allergic reaction, which is responsible for the persistent chronic symptoms of allergies. Chronic symptoms include swelling of the nasal

Allergic rhinitis is started by an allergic immune response to inhaled allergens. Atopic people have a genetic predisposition to become sensitised to harmless allergens. Dendritic cells which act as antigen-presenting cells capture the allergen and present allergenic peptide to T lymphocytes in lymph nodes. CD4+ T cells play an important role in starting and orchestration of the allergic immune response by secretion of cytokines such as interleukins 4, 5, 10, and 13. Interleukin 4 is fundamental cytokine in driving sensitisation to allergens. Interleukin 4 stimulatesthe IgE switch in B lymphocytes. After releasing of IgE into the bloodstream it binds to receptors on the surface of mast cells and basophils. When the patient exposure to the allergen and the allergen reach nasal mucosa of sensitised individuals, they bind allergen-specific IgE on the surface of mast cells, resulting in release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine.

5.Muraro A, Lemanske RF Jr, Hellings PW, Akdis CA, Bieber T, Casale TB, Jutel M, Ong PY, Poulsen LK, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Simon HU, Seys SF, Agache I. Precision medicine in patients with allergic diseases: Airway diseases and atopic dermatitis-PRACTALL document of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016 May;137(5):1347-58. Review.

Food allergies are immune reactions that affect millions of people in the United States. It is estimated that an average of 15 million Americans have food allergies today, and every 1 in 13 of them are children (4). A food allergy can be defined as an immune system reaction that occurs after eating specific foods (10). A food allergy occurs because the immune system mistakenly identifies a specific food or substance as something harmful. The body then triggers a release of antibodies to neutralize the allergen. This release of antibodies elicits a response in the body in the form of an allergic reaction (10).

Allergies are caused by an immune response to certain things such as food or pollen. The modern world’s desire for cleanliness, however, has compromised the ability of the immune system to recognize friend from foe (Fromartz). For example, researchers believe that the increasing number of allergies to pollen and dust is because of the lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents, symbiotic microorganisms, and parasites that suppresses the natural development of the immune system, further causing an increase in the susceptibility to allergic diseases. This idea is also seen in gluten intolerance or “nonceliac wheat sensitivity”

Allergies may happen from anything your body is sensitive to. This may be food, medicines, pollens, chemicals, and nearly anything around you in everyday life that produces allergens. An allergen is anything that causes an allergy producing substance. Heredity is often a factor in causing these problems. This means you may have some of the same allergies as your parents.

People with allergies are also at a high risk for getting asthma, or enduring a asthma attack. Not all people with allergies develop asthma though. Allergies are caused by their immune systems actually attacking their own body. Basically, one's body is confused and thinks that a body cell is actually a foreign cell, virus, bacteria, in the body that it must attack. So the immune systems response is to engulf the "invading" cells. The reaction causes an allergic reaction. Some of these allergic reactions become systemic, which simply means that ones entire body becomes affected by this mix up in the body. Swelling, itching, and many other symptoms are responses to such a reaction. In some allergic responses, inflammation of the bronchial can occur, which causes a difficulty in breathing, which is an asthma attack. Some factors the trigger an allergic reaction which can result in a asthmatic response are; tobacco smoke, dust mites, cockroaches, and animal dander.

An allergy in laments terms is a condition when the immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. In specifics, a food allergy is an unpleasant or dangerous immune system reaction after a certain food is eaten. Peanut allergies have always been a common allergy throughout the adolescent population. There has been many regulations and precautions placed to the public due to an increase of the allergy and people

Allergic reactions, or hypersensitivity reactions, occur when the immune systems responds negatively to a normally harmless substance (Delves, 2017). The immune system works to defend the body against antigens, or foreign substances. In people with allergies, the immune system overreacts to a foreign substance, most commonly causing release of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody (Delves, 2017). This antibody binds to basophils, a type of white blood cell, and cause them to release substances such as histamine, prostaglandin, and leukotrienes (Delves, 2017). This causes an allergic reaction, which can include swelling, rashes, itching, sneezing, and even more serious anaphylactic responses, which are life threatening.

Many people discover their allergies some time after they bring home their cat or dog and by this time they and their family members have developed an attachment to the pet. This is particularly true for children. The loss of a pet can be really traumatic for them. This shows that most people prefer to live with their allergies rather than give up a companion animal. The good news is that in many cases you can minimize the effect of the allergy by having a good understanding of the specific allergic conditions and making some adjustments and lifestyle changes. Although few pet owners are more susceptible to dogs when compared to cats most people are more allergic to cats than dogs. However there are no non allergenic cats or dogs as most people believe. There are some hairless breeds which are being advertised as non allergenic but they can also be highly allergenic. This is because those who are allergic to the pets are not only affected by their hair. Individual allergic reactions vary from person to person and from breed to breed. Even dogs of the same breed may be allergenic to varying degrees. The main source of pet allergy in humans is the proteins called 'allergens' that are secreted form small glands in the pet's skin and remain for sometime on the animal's fur and then float around in the air. Allergens are also present in the dog's or cat's urine or saliva which on getting dried up release allergens into the air. These allergens present in the air trigger allergic reactions on being inhaled or on coming in contact with the allergic individuals skin. The severity of the allergic reaction vary depending on individual susceptibility. They may be triggered in the form of mild sniffles to violent sneezing or asthma that may sometimes become life threatening. The allergic reactions may get

The immune system of an allergic person, in an attempt to protect the body against what it perceives as a threat, it produces antibodies called immunoglobulin E (IgE) to the allergen. In turn, these antibodies cause cells called mast cells to release certain chemicals, including histamine, into the bloodstream to defend against the "invader" allergen.

Diseases that stem from allergies have increased worldwide the past couple decades. Many genetic and environmental influences have been associated with the development and prolongation of food allergies. In some cases, food allergies often show unprompted

Intensive research during the last several decades has highlighted the role of lymphocytes, immunoglobulins, mast cells, and various autacoids in the etiopathogenesis of allergic conditions. Inspite of the voluminous literature on the subject, the treatment of allergic diseases continues to be far from satisfactory. The available treatment options for upper and lower respiratory tract allergic diseases have major limitations owing to low efficacy, associated adverse events, and compliance issues.[5]

Allergy symptoms are typical among young children and adults. Allergens or allergy triggers happen to be everywhere. Parents who have a history of allergies need to be extra cautious with their kids due that they could also have allergic reaction. At times it end up being hard to realize triggers about this are exposed to a relatively few number of probable allergens at an occasion. Although it may be correct that anyone cannot control allergy causes outdoors, there is much that could be done house.