Alprazolam And Its Effects

The purpose of this paper is to go into extensive research on Alprazolam aka “Xanax” in the duration of this paper, it will be evident the impact that this drug can have on the human body and in my instances, it will be apparent not only how helpful it can be but how life damaging it can be, if not taken safely and carefully. This report will go into extensive detail on the psychodynamics of the drug as well as the pharmacokinetics. Alprazolam is quite powerful and mind altering the affects that it can have on the body can be very intense, especially if not taking carefully which is why it is vital to make sure that you take the recommended doses taken by your doctor, failure to do so can result in death.

Xanax is a benzodiazepine that is most often used to treat anxiety. The effects of benzodiazepines mainly come from their ability to alter the movement of the inhibitory transmitter known as GABAa. GABA is triggered to release when it then can bind to the GABAa receptor. The binding of the two causes the ion channel to open and chloride ions are sent across the cell membrane. This causes the inhibitory factor by depolarizing the membrane (Griffin et al., 2013).

All antidepressants work in a similar way, though there are various types of antidepressants—often called “families”—that each work a bit differently. They all, however, increase the brain’s concentration of various neurotransmitters. Antidepressants are psychiatric medications given to patients with depressive disorders to alleviate symptoms. They correct chemical imbalances of neurotransmitters in the brain which probably cause changes in mood and behavior. Antidepressants may be used for a wide range of psychiatric conditions, including social anxiety disorder, anxiety disorders. Antidepressants were initially developed in the 1950s. Their use has become progressively more common over the last twenty years. Generally speaking, anti­psychotic

The most recent decision was on June 29th that basically that a guy named Glossip tried to sue a hospital or something because the does of Midazolam didn't work. It's clear that petitioners failed to set up a successful petition so there wasn't a petition. the case number is 14-7955, was argued on April 29 and was decided two months later on June 29.

It is also used to treat normal sleeping patterns and appetite, and for reducing anxiety. It works by modifying the activity of relevant neurotransmitter pathways.Some of the categories of antidepressants, defined in (Queensland state Government, 2018) are :

Depressants are often prescribed to treat anxiety, panic disorders, and insomnia. Drugs in this category include barbiturates like Nembutal and Seconal as well as benzodiazepines like Ativan, Valium, and Xanax. Sleep medications like Ambien, Lunesta, and Sonata are also in this class of drugs. These drugs are often abused because they have a calming and relaxing effect. However, they can also cause confusion, drowsiness, and memory problems. Like opioids, taking too many depressants can also stop a person’s breathing.

Tamazepam acts at many levels in the CNS, producing generalized depression. Effects may be mediated by GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter.

developed several chemical compounds with aspirations to succeed in the pharmaceutical market. They ended up developing MDMA, but it was not used to treat anxiety until the 1970’s (Cromer, 2013). It did not come under harsh scrutiny by the FDA until the 1980’s due to the growing recreational usage in society (Sessa and Nutt, 2014). This obviously lead to a significant halt in researching this drug, but some clinical trials were able to succeed. However, they had inconclusive results and they still do today. Now that science has come such a long way, scientists are able to better study how the drug works and the long and short-term effects it can have on those taking the drug. Christian, Grey, and Sorg claim that the effects of MDMA set in approximately 20 minutes after ingestion and its effects can last from four to six hours (Christian, Grey, and Sorg, 2015). A psychologist or team of psychologists will administer the drug to the patient and listen to them as they talk about their problems. They will generally not direct the conversation, but allow the patient to direct it and focus on the point of trauma when they feel comfortable and ready. This drug causes an increase in the production of serotonin in the brain, a chemical that is responsible for making people feel content and extremely happy (Cromer, 2013). These feelings of happiness and bliss will then lead the patient to feel more comfortable with their

The increased inhibition of barbiturates leads to depression of the body. It includes depression of smooth muscles (such as lowering of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure), depression of skeletal muscles, diminished brain function (such as impaired judgement), sedation, and altered emotional responses (9). Some other common side effects, particularly of phenobarbital, includes dizziness, drowsiness, problems with memory/concentration, nausea, and vomiting. (9).

Benzodiazepine receptors are linked mainly to γ amino butyric acid (GABA) receptors, which sensitize benzodiazepine receptors to the neurotransmitter GABA, the most prominent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Lorazepam binds to an allosteric site on GABA-A receptors, which are pentameric ionotropic receptors in the CNS. Binding potentiates the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, which upon binding opens the chloride channel in the receptor, allowing chloride influx and causing hyperpolerization of the neuron.

blood levels of the tramadol in two hours to a maximum .And 20%of tramadol is connected to the blood protein.30% Tramadol is not Bsvrtghyyrand 60%is excretedas different metabolitesin the urine. The drug half-life of 4 to6hours[6].Tramadol has various metabolites. O-desmethyltramadol is the most significant since it has 200 times the μ-affinity of (+)-tramadol[7].Although, tramadol, as opposedto typical

In this review, the infusion of midazolam and propofol appear to provide similar sedation and recovery time is shorter in subject when sedated with propofol . When propofol combine with midazolam it gives synergistic effect which occurs when both drugs are given for i.v. sedation is caused by an increase in the free plasma concentration of one of the drug. In evidence 1, eight healthy volunteers were selected to obtain propofol concentration in the absence and presence of midazolam and vice versa. Volunteers received the drug in two sessions (A and B). In session A, volunteers received a propofol i.v.bolus dose of 1 mg/kg in 1 min which was followed by an infusion of 2.5 mg.kg-1.h-1 (= 41.7 μg kg-1.min-1) for 59 min. On the other hand, in session B the volunteers received the same propofol infusion plan as during session A, but now (TCI) directly target midazolam concentration (CT) of 125 ng/ml that was started 15 min the propofol administration. After the blood sample and assays, and statistical analysis, it result that in the presence of a mean midazolam concentration of 224.8 ± 41.6 ng/ml, the propofol concentrations were on average 25.1 ± 13.3 % which is higher as compared to when propofol was given as alone. In evidence 2, BIS value is been checked in volunteer receiving combination of midazolam and propofol, which result in subject remained receptive during the whole study.

The efficacy and safety of the drug in patients under the age of 18 years is not established. With renal / hepatic insufficiency and long-term treatment, control over the picture of peripheral blood and liver enzymes is necessary. Patients who did not take previously psychoactive drugs respond to the drug at lower doses compared to patients taking antidepressants, anxiolytics or alcohol. With endogenous depression, alprazolam can be used in combination with antidepressants. With the use of alprazolam, patients with depression have seen cases of hypomanic and manic development. Like other benzodiazepines, alprazolam has the ability to induce drug dependence in long-term admission in large doses (more than 4 mg / day). With a sudden discontinuation of alprazolam, there may be comeback syndromes, such as depression, irritability, insomnia, increased sweating, especially with prolonged admission (more than 8-12 weeks). When patients develop such unusual reactions as increased aggressiveness, acute excitations, feelings of fear, thoughts of suicide, hallucinations, increased muscle cramps, difficult sleep, superficial sleep, treatment should be discontinued. During pregnancy Xanax is very dangerous due to its toxic effect on the fetus and increases the risk of congenital malformations when applied in the first trimester of pregnancy. Admission of therapeutic doses in later periods

Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and neurological action are all depressed, and general relaxation of the skeletal muscles occurs. Effects of the drug increase according to dosage, as body functions decelerate: from anxiety relief to sedation to hypnosis to anesthesia to coma to death.