Alternative Future Energy Storage And Conversion Systems

The Hydrogen Fuel Cell could revolutionize the world. This ingenious technology, which creates electricity from the chemical reactions of hydrogen and oxygen has, in its 150-year history, passed many of the critical tests along the path from invention to innovation. Recent developments in fuel cell technology and concurrent developments within the energy and automotive industries have brought the world to brink of the fuel cell age and the hydrogen economy.

The doping iron increases the capacity of batteries, but this diminishes with extensive cycling. The detrimental effect of iron can be avoided by annealing. Ruthenium is another transition metal which can be used as a dopant which enhances the stability of the crystal structure. It also increases conductivity and improve performance of the battery. Chromium is another transition metal that can be used as a dopant. It reduces the ordering of lithium ions in LiMn2O4 spinel and this stabilizes the spinel structure. It also increases capacity retention during cycling. Zinc is used as a dopant in cathode materials as it has a stabilizing effect on the crystal structure. Addition of Zinc oxide also prevents reaction between the electrode and electrolyte. Titanium along with cobalt also acts as a stabilizer and also reduces dissolution of electrodes. Zirconium reduces reactivity levels between the electrode and the electrolyte and performs the same function as titanium by stabilizing the crystal structure. Aluminium is one of the most commonly used dopants in cathode materials. It performs the function of increasing capacity of the electrodes. The addition of aluminium improves electrode kinetics, structural modifications and microstructural effects. Some of the other dopants include Magnesium and Lathanum which increases the lattice parameter and improves the stability of the crystal structure and also

The possibilities offered by this new type of battery would indeed be considerable. From the smartphone to the tablet, via laptop, GPS or car, all energy consuming mobile power products and requiring regular refills could benefit from the advantages of this new combination. Moreover, these batteries could also be used at much larger scale than the charging alone phones or computers and storing electricity produced by renewable sources such as wind turbines or solar and tidal power.

A lot of information from different sources was gathered with the purpose of comparing different Li-ion batteries mechanisms, cathode and anode materials, structure and fabrication procedures, and their respective advantages and disadvantages.

Rechargeable battery evolution accelerated as the world transitioned to instruments enabled by silicon microchip technology from those of bulky electrical components. Mobile devices were designed to be powered by lightweight energy storage systems. The development of batteries for this rapidly evolving market was challenging:

AFDC. "Electricity." 09 March 2017. Alternative Fuels Data Center. Document from Web site. 26 March 2017. .

The last form of fuel cells available is PEM (or Proton Exchange Membrane). The electrolyte for this is a very thin polymer sheet. Unfortunately, this type can be extremely expensive because it is required to have a platinum catalyst. A temperature of eighty degrees celsius must also be reached. This fuel cell still resembles the basic form. It requires hydrogen atoms which have been striped from their electrons, and the electrons pass through the exterior circuit, which creates electricity. At the end, it meets with air to create

My goal for this project was to make a semi or fully portable source of energy. Upon analysis I found

In 2016, fossil fuel products (petroleum and gas) provided around 95 % of the energy for transportation in U.S. (IPCC, 2014). Since mobility has increased, the greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds have also increased due to the fossil fuel consumption. Other than the environmental concerns, fossil fuels are also considered to be limited. Because of all these problems, alternative and more sustainable solutions are being researched and developed. One of the long-term solutions is considered to be fuel cells that are based on renewable fuels. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have received substantial attention in transportation sector due to its greater power density and

To determine the effect of concentration of reactants on the current produced by a galvanic cell.

The battery of the electric car stores chemical energy and converts the energy to electricity. The chemistry of the electric car is found mainly in the battery. In the battery there is a chemical reaction in cells which then produces a voltage. These batteries usually have 200 to 400 small cells. The cells are combined to create a powerful battery. The risk is that if one cell overcharge it causes a thermal reaction. The development electronic controls for this risk are in process but are expensive. Khalil Amine and Zonghai Chen of the Argonne National Laboratory discovered a molecule base of boron and fluorine added to each cell controls the charging of the battery cells. The molecule is said to be less costly and more reliable than the electric control. (MANDEL, 2009)

A Lithium-ion battery is a “battery where the negative electrode (anode) and positive electrode (cathode) materials serve as a host for the lithium ion (Li+). Lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode during discharge and are intercalated into (inserted into voids in the crystallographic structure of) the cathode. The ions reverse direction during charging.” [2]

In class I was introduced to the concepts of batteries and electrochemical cells. I am really interested in batteries and how they work and what goes into making a battery. I was inspired to this experiment mostly because I want to study electrical engineering in university and I wanted to find out the chemistry behind the production of the electrical energy in batteries. During my reading, I found out that the first battery was actually invented by Italian physicist Count Alessandro Volta and was demonstrated to Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801. Constructed from alternating discs of zinc and copper wit pieces of cardboard soaked in brine between the metals, this was the first battery that produced a reliable steady current of electricity. The reason why this works is because, as I found out, batteries use the process of redox reactions to create voltage. I also found out that the difference in reactivity leads to the voltage that will be produced. Voltage is a measure of the amount of energy which each coulomb of electrons can carry. The more readily a species loses electrons, the bigger the build of potential energy and the higher the voltage. The reason why transition metals are used is because they are very good conductors of electricity and they have seas of electrons so electrons can travel within them fairly easily. There is a table that provides the results of experiments where these various compartments are connected to a hydrogen electrode. It is known as the

Recently the development metal-air batteries (which can be produced from a range of metals from Aluminium to Zinc Primary and Secondary Batteries) have become very important. They are used to power electric vehicles and other

For years man has relied on energy in order to be successful in life. The industrial revolution relied on coal for the new inventions brought into the world. Life as has never been the same since then. However since that time, there has been little done to improve on energy efficiency and humans still primarily rely on fossil fuels for energy. For over a hundred years the Earth has become more polluted and dirtier than ever before. Now, with new, innovative technology there is an opportunity to change that and to rely on renewable, cleaner sources of energy. The main source of energy for the world should be alternative energy instead of energy from fossil fuels.