Amenorrhoea

Prolonged amenorrhea (5 months or longer without a menstrual period) is seen in some athletic groups. It may be associated with eating problems and dieting behavior, or simply with high levels of physical activity. (Brooks-Gunn, et al.)

If a patient complains with the signs and symptoms previously described along with abdominal pain, amenorrhea, or difficulty to conceive, a physician will take these necessary measures to diagnosing PCOS. During a physical examination, lab work will be ordered such as a fasting lipid profile, a glucose test, hormone levels, and an insulin test. The results will give detail information on hormone levels such as prolactin and thyroid levels, FSH to LH ratio and androgen levels. A transvaginal ultrasound will also be recommended and administered to indicate a pearl-necklace pattern of cysts

He also had testing done to evaluate gynecomastia, and these levels were also excellent showing an estradiol of less than 1.4. An FSH of 3.8, and LH of 1.1. A β-hCG quantitative of less than 1. A total testosterone of 4.3, with a free testosterone of 12.33 pc/mL. A TSH of 1.1. He feels that the breast buds have started to decrease considerably in size.

Endometriosis is a gynecological medical condition in which cells from the lining of the uterus (endometrium) appear and flourish outside the uterine cavity, most commonly on the membrane which lines the abdominal cavity. The uterine cavity is lined with endometrial cells, which are under the influence of female hormones. Endometrial-like cells in areas outside the uterus (endometriosis) are influenced by hormonal changes and respond in a way that is similar to the cells found inside the uterus. Symptoms often worsen with the menstrual cycle.

It is at puberty that the sexual nature of girls becomes feminine, that is, passive or receptive. Puberty for girls is marked by a fresh wave of repression in which it is precisely clitoral sexuality that is affected, thus overtaking the heretofore-active nature of a little girl's sexuality, and replacing it with a passive non-clitoral leading sexual zone focused on the vaginal orifice. The clitoris retains a role in sexual excitement but its task is in transmitting the excitation to the adjacent female sexual parts and is not the primary sexual zone as experienced in boys.

Heavy vaginal bleeding; ovaries make progesterone for two weeks following ovulation. At the end of that

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among reproductive aged women, with a prevalence of 16.6-18% according to the 2003 Rotterdam criteria (1-3). Though PCOS is extremely common, up to 70% of women with the syndrome are undiagnosed (3). The PCOS diagnosis is one of ovarian dysfunction and hyperandrogenism, and as such has important implications for reproductive health (see Table 1; NIH, 2012). However, in addition to these reproductive criteria – which tend to manifest as hirsutism, infertility, and pregnancy complications – PCOS is marked by

The male reproductive system is effect by the cause of oligospermia and azoospermia, decreased the testicular size, abnormal appearance of testicular biopsy material, and reductions in testosterone and gonadotropic hormones. The change in the body seen in the pituitary-gonadal which leads to the suppression of gonadotrophin production. The variations in these hormones can alter thyroid function and negative impact on glucose tolerance. The Abuse of steroids affects the male reproductive be reversible with cessation of steroid that can cause, although breast tissue changes and hair loss. It can lead to surgery needs of an

The ovary is a critical organ of the female reproductive and endocrine system. When preforming in an optimal manner, the ovary functions as a gonad, by producing mature gametes and by synthesizing and excreting hormones within a set point. It is essential for sexual maturation and reproduction. When it deviates away from this normal physiology, many serious heath problems can emerge. A principal example of ovarian abnormal physiology is polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Polycystic ovarian syndrome is one of the most prominent endocrinopathies in the world, affecting anywhere between 5-10% of the female population (Dunaif, 1995). Although this disease affects so many women, not much is known about the exact origin of it and all of the shortcomings

Dysmenorrhea is a reproductive disorder characterized by painful cramps during menstrual periods, and may contribute to pelvic pain seen in women of all ethnicity. This disorder begins from adolescence throughout child bearing age. Dysmenorrhea can be classified as primary or secondary depending on the severity of the symptoms, no known pathology has been attributed to primary dysmenorrhea, while secondary dysmenorrhea could be as result of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or endometriosis (Osayande & Mehnlic,

Case findings of women with polycystic ovary syndrome were first documented in 1935 by American gynecologists Irving F. Stein, Sr., and Michael L. Leventhal (Hoyt and Schmidt 156). For many years, polycystic ovary syndrome was called the “Stein-Leventhal syndrome”. Once insulin resistance was added to the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome the name of the syndrome then changed to “Syndrome X” (Bhathena 106).

Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD), also known as Polycystic Ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a very common ailment affecting 5% to 10% of females in the age group 12–45 years. It is an issue in which a lady’s hormones are out of balance. It can cause complications with menstrual periods and make it problematic for her to conceive. The main features include no ovulation, irregular periods, acne and hirsuitism. If not treated, it can cause insulin resistant diabetes, obesity and high cholesterol levels, leading to heart ailment.

The decrease in progesterone and oestrogen means the endometrium will shed its lining. This is a period.

The Female Athlete Triad is referred to as the combination of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. Amenorrhea is the absence of three or more consecutive menstrual cycles. Primary amenorrhea (delayed menarche) is defined as no menses prior to the age of sixteen, and secondary amenorrhea is the absence of at least three to six consecutive menstrual cycles in females who have begun menstruating. Causes of amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea include hypothalamic influences; pituitary abnormalities; ovarian disorders; pregnancy; adrenal disorders; thyroid disorders; and use of medications such as anabolic steroids. Exercise-induced amenorrhea is considered to be a form of hypothalamic amenorrhea (Rust, D. M.). Researchers speculate that

Endometriosis is defined as a common disorder in which the endometrial tissue is found outside of the uterus. Menorrhagia is defined as excessive menstrual bleeding or duration of the menstrual period. (deWitt, 2017)