Amenorrhoea

If a patient complains with the signs and symptoms previously described along with abdominal pain, amenorrhea, or difficulty to conceive, a physician will take these necessary measures to diagnosing PCOS. During a physical examination, lab work will be ordered such as a fasting lipid profile, a glucose test, hormone levels, and an insulin test. The results will give detail information on hormone levels such as prolactin and thyroid levels, FSH to LH ratio and androgen levels. A transvaginal ultrasound will also be recommended and administered to indicate a pearl-necklace pattern of cysts

He also had testing done to evaluate gynecomastia, and these levels were also excellent showing an estradiol of less than 1.4. An FSH of 3.8, and LH of 1.1. A β-hCG quantitative of less than 1. A total testosterone of 4.3, with a free testosterone of 12.33 pc/mL. A TSH of 1.1. He feels that the breast buds have started to decrease considerably in size.

Endometriosis is a gynecological medical condition in which cells from the lining of the uterus (endometrium) appear and flourish outside the uterine cavity, most commonly on the membrane which lines the abdominal cavity. The uterine cavity is lined with endometrial cells, which are under the influence of female hormones. Endometrial-like cells in areas outside the uterus (endometriosis) are influenced by hormonal changes and respond in a way that is similar to the cells found inside the uterus. Symptoms often worsen with the menstrual cycle.

The purpose of this paper is to discus the etiology, symptoms, diagnoses and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. Polycystic ovary syndrome is also known as PCOS. Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common endocrine disorder found in women of the reproductive age. First identified in 1935, polycystic ovary syndrome is diagnosed by the presence of polycystic ovaries, menstrual irregularities, and clinical or biochemical hyperandrogegism. “Symptoms of PCOS include changes in the menstrual cycle, such as: Not getting a period after you have had one or more normal ones during puberty (secondary amenorrhea), Irregular periods that may come and go, and be very light to very heavy. Other symptoms of PCOS include: Extra body hair that grows on the chest, belly, face, and around the nipples. Acne on the face, chest, or back, and skin changes, such as dark or thick skin markings and creases around the armpits, groin, neck,

Hyperandrogenism often presents itself in the physical form with acne, hirsutism (male-patterned hair growth), and alopecia. While insulin resistance is typically present in a patient with a higher BMI, 70% of women with PCOS have this condition, putting them at a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes (Goodarzi et al., 2011). Other metabolic complications can occur with PCOS, including hypertension and dyslipidemia (Madnani, 2013). The hormonal secretions of the body’s endocrine glands are affected by the hormonal secretions of the ovaries and vice versa via feedback mechanisms. The disruption of normal hormone secretions, particularly hypersecretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), can reduce the chance of conception and increase the risk of miscarriage (Balen,

You will have unpredictable flow with short, long or skipped cycles. Night sweats will be more common. FSH levels are usually at least slightly elevated. Estrogen levels will

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among reproductive aged women, with a prevalence of 16.6-18% according to the 2003 Rotterdam criteria (1-3). Though PCOS is extremely common, up to 70% of women with the syndrome are undiagnosed (3). The PCOS diagnosis is one of ovarian dysfunction and hyperandrogenism, and as such has important implications for reproductive health (see Table 1; NIH, 2012). However, in addition to these reproductive criteria – which tend to manifest as hirsutism, infertility, and pregnancy complications – PCOS is marked by

The ovary is a critical organ of the female reproductive and endocrine system. When preforming in an optimal manner, the ovary functions as a gonad, by producing mature gametes and by synthesizing and excreting hormones within a set point. It is essential for sexual maturation and reproduction. When it deviates away from this normal physiology, many serious heath problems can emerge. A principal example of ovarian abnormal physiology is polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Polycystic ovarian syndrome is one of the most prominent endocrinopathies in the world, affecting anywhere between 5-10% of the female population (Dunaif, 1995). Although this disease affects so many women, not much is known about the exact origin of it and all of the shortcomings

Case findings of women with polycystic ovary syndrome were first documented in 1935 by American gynecologists Irving F. Stein, Sr., and Michael L. Leventhal (Hoyt and Schmidt 156). For many years, polycystic ovary syndrome was called the “Stein-Leventhal syndrome”. Once insulin resistance was added to the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome the name of the syndrome then changed to “Syndrome X” (Bhathena 106).

Examinations like blood sugar estimation, thyroid hormone tests, ultrasound of the stomach and pelvis are done. At times, serum androgens, luteinising hormone and other hormone estimates might be ordered.

The decrease in progesterone and oestrogen means the endometrium will shed its lining. This is a period.

Polycystic Ovary Symptom (PCOS) - This condition is mainly caused by hormonal imbalance in which women make more androgens than required. Androgens are a male hormone, produced by females as well. High levels of this hormone can negatively affect the development and release of eggs during ovulation. A possible theory to the cause of PCOS is a large amount of insulin in the body. Many women with PCOS have an excess of insulin in their bodies which then goes towards production of androgen.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), was first described in 1935 and named Stein-Levinthal syndrome after the doctors who noted the characteristic body changes and tiny cysts covering the ovaries. Although the first observation was made as early as 1721, when Italian scientist Antonio Vallisneri observed “young married peasant women, moderately obese and infertile, with two larger than normal ovaries, bumpy and shiny, whitish, just like pigeon eggs” (Kovacs, 2002). It was not until 1921 that Achard and Thiers noticed a relationship between hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance in their study of the “bearded diabetic woman” (Archard, 1921). This relationship is present in PCOS in what might be called the “hirsute hyperinsulinemic woman.” In 1935, Stein and Leventhal made the connection between amenorrhea and polycystic ovaries. In

WebMD defines menopause as a normal condition that all women will experience. It is not a disease; it is the end of menstruation and the end of being able to reproduction for women. The World Health Organization (WHO) is a group of scientist who define it as a transition in a woman’s life. Menopause can happen naturally when a woman has had no menstruation for twelve months for no medical reason, from medical treatment such as chemotherapy, or from a woman having a hysterectomy surgically (Pearce, Thogersen-Ntoumani, & Duda, 2013). The International Menopause Society (IMS) sees menopause as the ageing process which women move from being able to reproduce to not being able to reproduce. IMS defines it as a transition that starts with premenopausal to perimenopause to menopause to the final stage of postmenopausal (Pearce, Thogersen-Ntoumani, & Duda,

Menstruation (also known as menses, monthly periods) is a natural experience occurring in all women of reproductive age. Management of menstrual flow is dependent on several factors such as understanding and care about managing feminine flow.