Ampalaya

     Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by inadequate insulin secretion by the pancreas or cellular destruction leading to an insulin deficiency. Depending on the cause of the insulin shortage, diabetes can be subcategorized into type I and type II. Type I diabetes (T1DM) is usually mediated by the destruction of b-cells in the pancreas resulting in decreased insulin production and secretion. Type II diabetes (T2DM) is the failure of these b-cells to secrete adequate amounts of insulin to compensate for insulin resistance and increased gluconeogenesis combined with an overall resistance to the insulin action (8., 1997). T2DM accounts

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition in the body that is related to a faulty metabolism. It means that the body’s metabolism is not functioning properly, which leads to adverse effects in the health. The food we ingest, gets broken down into blood sugar (glucose), which is what fuels our body in the form of energy. This converted glucose needs to enter our cells so that it can be used for energy and growth. And in order for the glucose to enter our cells, there needs to be insulin present, which the beta cells of the pancreas is responsible for producing. This hormone is responsible for maintaining glucose level in the blood. It allows the body cells to use glucose as a main

Type II is similar to Type I but this particular branch is known as a Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM), meaning that the production of insulin is not the problem. Patients with type II have an insulin resistance condition, which means that their body has become resistant to the insulin hormone and therefore, the cells in the body do not react to it. When resistance to insulin takes place, the pancreas makes an effort to produce as much insulin as it can, in order to attempt to stimulate the body’s cells, until it can no longer produce sufficient amounts. Once the insulin production has worn out, blood sugar levels in the bloodstream rise and diabetes type II manifests. Insulin levels in the body may be normal but because of the resistance, there is a decrease in sensitivity to liver and muscle cells, and because the insulin cannot penetrate such muscles, it becomes ineffective. Unlike type I, type II can be

Diabetes, also known as Diabetes mellitus, is an incurable disease that happens when the body is unable to properly use and store glucose. Glucose is a form of sugar that gives your cells energy. In Diabetes, however, that same glucose is not neutralized by insulin and therefore is rejected by the cells. Thus leading it to backing up into the bloodstream, resulting in your blood sugar getting too high. This can be from one of two problems. One of them being, the pancreas (the pancreas is about a six inch organ that rests on the back of the abdomen.) cannot produce enough insulin or it cannot produces. Or two, the cells cannot respond to the insulin, and in other cases, both. For a person who doesn 't have diabetes, after they eat the new food they used to fuel their bodies with is neutralized by insulin and that let’s the glucose to enter your cells giving you energy. For a person who does have diabetes however, their bodies are different. Their bodies cannot produce insulin to treat that glucose and therefore cannot have energy. Not to mention, with the glucose being rejected by the cells, it has to go somewhere else.This meaning that the glucose goes into

Diabetes is a disease caused by malfunctions in glucose metabolism. It is the malfunctioning of beta cells of the pancreas, which causes an over or under production of insulin, or the cells become insulin- resistant. The pancreas is the organ in the body located partially behind the stomach composed of millions of cells called pancreatic islets, or islets of Langerhans. These islets contain two major hormone- producing cells which are the alpha cells and the beta cells. The alpha cells synthesize glucagon and the beta cells synthesize insulin. These cells secrete glucagon and insulin, especially during the period of fasting and fed states. Glucagon and insulin are both involved in regulating blood glucose levels. Insulin is the main factor

Type I diabetes mellitus (DMII) was previous referred to as juvenile diabetes, as it was known to affect mainly children and young adults. Typically individuals diagnosed with this chronic illness find out at an earlier age and treatment as well as plan of care begin and adjust, as they get older. According to the Americans Diabetes Association, only 5% of people diagnosed with diabetes mellitus have this form, compared with type II that is usually associated with obesity and older age. With type I diabetes your body or specifically, your pancreas produces very little or no insulin whatsoever, in contrast to type II diabetes when the body doesn’t produce enough insulin or may become resistant, which in turn will effect the breakdown of carbohydrates (Mayo Clinic, 2016). Our body uses organic compounds such as protein, lipids and carbohydrates to produce energy; carbs also referred to as sugar or glucose is our main source of energy amongst the three components. “Insulin is a hormone that the body needs to get glucose from the bloodstream into the cells of the body”, (American Diabetes Association, 2016). So without insulin, sugar cannot enter our cells for energy and the high levels remain in the blood, known as hyperglycemia. There is no known cause of this chronic illness, but research does believe genetics has some role in the disease process. The immune system of individuals with DMI mistakenly destroys insulin-producing cells, after a certain period of time

T1D is an autoimmune disorder, that develops when the immune system attacks and destroys the pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin by mistakenly identifying them as foreign (autoimmune disorders: MedlinePlus) (Dugdale, 2013). The Pancreas gland is positioned at the posterior of the stomach in our bodies, and plays an important role in digestion and in regulating blood sugar. It makes enzymes to digest proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in the intestines and produces the hormones insulin and glucagon. A well-known effect of insulin is to decrease the concentration of glucose in blood. This lowers blood sugar levels and allows the body’s cells to use glucose for energy (Ediger et al. 2014).

Therefore, all of the studies found all showed the same thing that ALA has positive effect of diabetic neuropathy. Despite all of these results, there was some limitations in the experiments such as the clarification if the neuroprotective potential of ALA according to diabetic type, diabetic stage, and also another limitation is that some of the studies were observational studies. Overall, the most important thing is that the actually mechanism in which ALA functions in order to decrease the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy is not yet

Failure of β- cells to maintain adequate level of insulin secretion is the main pathway in the development of DM.

Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin dependent diabetes, is a chronic autoimmune condition in which the pancreas no longer produces insulin. The lack of insulin makes it impossible for the glucose to enter cells to be used as energy. The onset of the disease happens very quickly and can occur at any age. For people with type 1 diabetes, the problem begins in the pancreas. The pancreas contains the Islets of Langerhans, which are groups of many different types of cells. The can be around 3,000 to 4,000 cells in each cluster. The beta cells, which are responsible for producing insulin, can be found in the islets of Langerhans. In the case of the type 1 diabetes, the body’s immune system damages or destroys the beta cells. This means the cells can no longer provide adequate amounts of insulin. With no insulin to facilitate the transfer of glucose to the cells, unhealthy blood glucose levels develop along with many other complications. After carbohydrates are consumed,

Insulin is a protein that is produced by the pancreas. The production occurs in the beta-cells located in an area of the pancreas known as the Islet of Langerhans. Insulin is essential to the regulation of the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. It promotes the absorption of glucose into the skeletal muscles and fat; this absorption into the fat causes the accumulation of adipose tissue leading to obesity (Sonksen & Sonksen, 2000). The hallmark symptoms of DM are often called the three P’s: polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia. The body’s inability to absorb the glucose results in excessive levels in the blood. These excessive levels result in the kidney’s attempt to excrete it. This excretion of glucose is achieved by, polyuria, excessive urination. With the polyuria, the body is signaled to replace the fluid lost; this leads to polydipsia, excessive thirst. As the body is unable to properly metabolize carbohydrates and fats, the hunger increases due to the body’s perceived malnourishment; this increase in appetite and eating is known as polyphagia. This cycle continues in an attempt to return blood glucose levels to normal. If homeostasis is not achieved then conditions can worsen. The body will begin to break down fatty acids for its energy production; this process is known as ketogenesis (Smith, 2015). Ketogenesis results in ketones becoming present in the patient’s urine; often times this is the

In the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study [16] deterioration of insulin secretion was seen in patients treated with sulfonylureas. Some studies have shown that certain hyperglycemic drugs may induce apoptosis in rodents pancreatic tissue [17,18]. Given the possible effect of some hyperglycemic drugs, thus, there is an urgent need for alternatives which can delay or halt the progression of diabetes and its complications. To overcome this lacuna, nutraceuticals are being prescribed as an add-on supplement to the existing anti-diabetes

Type I or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is caused by the autoimmune destruction of the insulin producing β cells in the pancreas. Without insulin, the body does not metabolize glucose and this causes hyperglycemia. Type I can occur and develop quickly. Typically, type I diabetes affects people younger than 30 and is sometimes called juvenile-onset diabetes, but it can happen at any age. Type I can occurs when the body’s immune system is triggered to attack the β cells in the islets of the Langerhans of the pancreas. The β cells are destroyed or damaged to the point that they cannot create insulin. There is an ongoing search for the triggering factors of this process; so far it is believed that genetics and viral infections are a cause (Van Belle 2011).

Special cells in the pancreas produce a hormone called insulin to regulate metabolism. When this hormone is not present glucose cannot enter body cells and blood glucose levels rise. Hyperglycemia may result from this situation. This process is the development of diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes, formerly called juvenile diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, has two forms; immune-mediated and idiopathic. Type 1 diabetes accounts for 5-10% of cases in the United States. Research has shown that there is an inherited tendency for developing the disease; it may be triggered by environmental factors (Rosdahl & Kowalski, 2008). It also has an autoimmune component since antibodies to insulin and islet cells are present at the time of

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder which can occur from insufficient insulin secretion. Insulin is a hormone which is secreted by the pancreas and regulates BGLs (Loghmani, 2005; Nussey & Whitehead, 2001). Type 1 diabetes is also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). In this, the body produces no, or very little, insulin which can lead to chronic hyperglycaemia. Thus the chances of microvascular, metabolic and infectious complications increase, which can result in increased incidence of retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular diseases and cerebrovascular mortality (Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 [DM Type 1], 2014). It usually appears during childhood and adolescence but may occur at any age. The chances of IDDM are equal among males and females and are more common in European people (Type 1 Diabetes Trial Net, n.d.). Mayo Clinic (2014) reports, that the people of Finland and Sardinia have 400 times higher chances of having IDDM than people of Venezuela.