Amphiathrosis Research Paper

Purpose: What is the purpose of this exercise? Is there any safety concerns associated with this exercise? If so, list what they are and what precautions should be taken.

A. Which of the four major areas of the brain (cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum and brain stem) was obviously much larger in the human brain in the diagram than in the sheep brain? Why do these structures differ so dramatically?

In these types of joints the fibers are very short and allow for little of no movement. Synarthroses joints come together at a point at which adjacent bones are bound

during these movements, the angles of those joints, as well as the muscles involved during the

A joint is a junction of two or more bones and is commonly referred to as an articulation.Without joint in the body no movement will be possible.There are three types of joints immovable/fibrous where no movements are possible(example- cranium).Slightly movable/cartilaginous joint is a joint

One of the most important parts of the body is the spinal column. It is made up of individual bones called vertebrae. Joints connect all of these individual bones together and ligaments connect to bones to support joints.

The musculoskeletal system is a made up of the muscular system and the skeletal system. The skeletal system provides the internal framework for the body, it protects the organs by enclosing it and anchors skeletal muscles so that the muscles can contract thus causing movement. The skeleton is divided into two divisions: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton (Taylor & Cohen, 2013, p. 94). The Axial skeleton are the bones that have formed the longitudinal axis of the body which is made up of the skull, the vertebral column and the thoracic cage (Taylor & Cohen, 2013, p. 98). The Appendicular skeleton are the bones of limbs and griddles that are attached to the axial skeleton (Taylor & Cohen, 2013, p. 103).

Jumping (bilateral): Hip and knee is in extension, while ankle is in plantar flexion, and shoulder abduction and flexion while in the air.

The shoulder is a ball and socket joint which allows it a flexion and extension motion.

The emergence of bipedalism modified the skeletal features of modern man [1]. As a consequence, the humerus tends to be shorter, lighter and straighter by losing its role of bearing bone [2]. It can be loaded in tension as in compression depending on the function of the upper extremity (uplift loads or distal support). At the opposite and from an evolutionary perspective in the human primate, femur evolved morphological and mechanical in order to bear different postures (standing, walking, running) [3,4].

Saphenous vein was retracted in a dorsal postion, linear incision made in the periosteum. The calcaneo and the talonavicular joint were carefully exposed. Cartillage, or what was remaining of cartilage was removed. There were extreme osteoarthritic thoughout. Essentially 5%-10% of cartilage remained. The osteophytes were carefully excised with osteotome, the joint was prepared with microfracture using an osteotome on both sides of the joint.

The left metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal (great and lesser toes) joints are held at slight flexion pressed against the ground by a concentric contraction of the flexor halluces longus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum longus. The left talocrural (ankle) is plantar flexed using a concentric contraction of the gastrocnemius and the soleus. The right talocrural (ankle) is plantar flexed by a concentric contraction of the tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus tertius. The left tibiofermoral (knee) joints are being extended by a concentric contraction of the quadriceps muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius). The right metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal (great and lesser toes) are being held plantar flexed due to an isometric contraction of the flexor halluces longus, flexor digtorum longus. The right tibiofermoral (knee) joints are flexed at a 90-degree angle by a concentric contraction of the biceps femoris, semitendinous, semimembranosus. During this phase the left acetabular fermoral (hip) joint is flexed due to an eccentric contraction of the rectus femoris, pectineus, iliacus, and psoas. The right acetabular fermoral (hip) joint is at slight extension due to a concentric contraction of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and the gluteus

Support - our skeleton provides shape and support to our body which gives our body its shape, without this function our body would simply collapse.

The radius is a long bone; this means that the bone is longer in length than it is wide; which aids in mechanical movement of the skeleton. Most skeletal muscle attaches to bone, therefore when muscles contract and relax, which allows flexion and extension in the sagital plane. Flexion decreases the angle at the moving joint. Extension increases the angle at the moving joint. Synovial joints such as the elbow hinge joint are able to efficiently carry out these motions. The wrist is a classic example of a condyloid joint, which means it can move on two axes, side to side and back and forth so on the sagittal and frontal plane.

The six fundamental movements of Major Body Segments are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction. Flexion is a decrease in the angle between two body segments. Flexion occurs at the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee joints. An example exercise is doing curls on the arm curl machine. Extension is an increase in the angle between two body segments, or the return from flexion. An example exercise is by working on the leg extension. Abduction is the movement of a body segment away from the midline. An example exercise for this body segment is a dumbbell lateral raise, spreading of the fingers or toes, or the legs moving apart on a hip abductor machine. Adduction is the movement of a body segment toward the midline, or