Amphibian Deformity Research Paper

The mountain yellow-legged frog is declining due to the introduction of trout, contaminants, increased levels of ultraviolet radiation, and the fungal disease, chytridiomycosis. David Bradford, one of the first witnesses to the decline in the late seventies, noticed the species dropping because of the red-leg disease. Because this is a secondary infection, the frog’s immune system was weakened before the disease became existent. The chytrid fungus was first cited in the Sierra Nevada in 2001, brought here from African clawed frogs, but studies have suggested that the disease has been evident since the mid-‘70s. Nearly three decades later, the mountain yellow-legged frog is still declining. Currently, with a ninety-eight percent decline, there

SnoLab is studying these effects on various organisms in two phases. The first phase is the effects of radiation absence on lake whitefish embryos. They chose these embryos because of their development period and the easy nature of raising them. The embryos are kept in two fridges of different temperature both underground and above

Chapter One details the ancestry of frogs and examines the timeline of amphibians on Earth, as well as the increase in frog extinction rate. Kolbert argues that the observed extinction rates which are exceeding expected background extinction rates suggest that catastrophe is ahead for Earth. Humans are key to the extinction of Panamanian frogs due to their spreading of the Chtrid fungus, which is not native to Panama. Thus, Kolbert sees humans

Adaptive radiation of different organisms have occurred throughout geological time through the filling of ecological niches. Organisms different from one another are capable of radiating greatly, as they evolve traits that allow them to thrive better in their environment. The Anolis lizards of the Caribbean islands are a great example of a single genus to have radiated not once, but multiple times through very similar mechanisms. Different populations of the Anolis phenotypically vary in their morphological traits to facilitate adaptation to particular niches. These phenotypic variations have evolved in convergence in more than one occasion, as recently discovered fossil specimens show similar patterns in morphology to modern Anolis.

Many sources say that the initial spread of this invasive species began at the end of the 1800's when bullfrogs were shipped to California to fill hungry loggers appetite for frog legs. The frogs competed with the other native species with the supply of natural resources while also consuming and exploiting the native amphibian species as well. Worldwide Rana catesbeiana has driven over one-hundred native species of frogs to extinction (Save The Frogs! et al. 2013). This is a huge impact on amphibian wildlife worldwide because there are about 4,800 species of frogs. Over the past hundred years the bullfrog has wiped out over 2% of the world's species of frogs. Studies have shown one of the reasons bullfrogs will cripple Arizonian ecosystems and the native amphibian species directly is because a female bullfrog’s physiology

There are over a million species of animals in this world, and chances are you have not heard about a majority of them. In fact, even scientists claim that they have not been able to discover all of the animal species on this planet so far. They discover new ones every year! Some animals are cute and cuddly, while others are downright weird. In this article, we will list top seven weird animals that you probably never heard about.

Another interaction is the amphibian response to the tropical climate. The rainfall and humidity is much higher in the tropics allowing many frogs to live more land-based lifestyles. This is only made possible because of the excessive amount of

Known in the scientific community as Bufo marinus, cane toads were introduced to Australia in the mid-1900’s t rate from their native home of South America. Sugarcane crops were at risk of destruction from the infestation of beetles, and these species were brought in to help counter the negative effect that the beetles were having on farms. These amphibians have the ability to grow up to 4.4 pounds, and were soon doing more harm than good. Not only were the cane toads eating the beetles that they were meant to, but they also started including native insect-eaters in their diets (Roach). This new addition to their food source helped the toads to thrive and expand their habitat region.

In order to run the statistical tests for this experiment, a larger bullfrog population was acquired by pulling data from an experiment identical in design from the previous year. Through this experiment it was revealed that there was not a significant difference between treatments over time in both tail width and tail length. This is contradictory to what was expected. It was hypothesized that both the low and high thyroxine groups would metamorphose quicker than that of the control and that the high thyroxine group would metamorphose faster than that of the low thyroxine group. Thyroid hormone is important in the metamorphosis in frogs and allows for them to adapt to terrestrial life from aquatic life by shortening the tail and producing

Researchers are currently trying to gain knowledge on the extent of the problem; how the parasite works, what species can be infected, and once infected, what species experience the least amount of symptoms. They believe that by infecting native tree frogs with this parasite, they may be able to increase the amount of parasites while decreasing the amount of toads. L.Pizzatto and R. Shine (2011) had three assumptions. “(1) The parasite has no detrimental effect on the frogs; (2) the frogs are capable of maintaining a lungworm infection long term; and (3) infective larvae passed in the frog’s faeces are capable of infecting toads and reducing their viability.” (p.546)

The connection is made between the book and X-men. In The Chrysalids people with any form of deformity or deviation where person were driven out to the Fringes as they were seen as mutants, they were not seen as the true image of God. “When my father was a young man a woman who bore a child that wasn’t in the image was whipped for it. If she bore three out of the image she was uncertified, outlawed, and sold.’ …

This is the “muscle – bone preparation” you will use for your muscle physiology experiments. Connect the femur to the femur clamp as shown in VI. Steps IV, V and VI can be done concurrently.

Some recommendations that we have to help the Foothill Yellow-Legged Frogs incorporates the government. The government is able to help by putting these amphibians on the endangered list and providing laws to protect them. Putting restrictions on areas where these frogs live to protect their population can help these frogs grow, and those who disturb their population should be fined. Another way these frogs can be helped is to promote volunteering for nonprofit organizations such as Tule Ponds. By promoting volunteering, habitats can be restored by acts such as clearing out invasive species, like we did during our service project. Lastly, regulating trade can significantly help while protecting these frogs. This prevents invasive species from taking over the native ones and will allow habitats to grow peacefully. By reducing the number of invasive plants in the area, this can protect the habitats of these frogs as well as other

Most amphibians are critically endangered and this is explained by the spread of chytrid, habitat loss, and overexploitation. Researchers are saying chytrid is the explanation for the enigmatic decline. This fungal disease affects almost all amphibians by attacking their skin, eventually giving them a heart attack and killing them. Habitat loss, by climate change or deforestation, is also extremely dangerous as many amphibians only have a few places they can survive (i.e. spotted frog only has 3 places to thrive). As well, climate change can change the amphibian’s environment so great that the species can no longer survive in their habitats.

Frogs, toads, caecilians, and salamanders are the members of the class Amphibian (amphi- meaning “on both sides” and bios- meaning “life”). These members always require water for reproduction. Most Amphibians undergo metamorphosis, which is a usually degenerative pathological change in the structure of a particular body tissue. And, in the case of Amphibians, it is the changing of a tadpole into