Amplitude Means The Loudness Of Sound

When a person with normal hearing hears the sound travels along the ear then bounces against the ear drum. The eardrum, the bones inside, and the cochlea vibrate and move thousands of tiny hairs inside the ear. When these hairs move an electrical response occurs. This electrical response goes to the hearing nerve and then it is send to the brain.

Basically how sound travels through the ear is a process of many steps. The sound waves are gathered by the pinna and then funneled into the meatus. Those waves then begin to vibrate the tympanic membrane which in turn hits against the malleus. The ossicle bones then vibrate like a chain reaction. The footplate will hit the oval window which triggers the fluid in the cochlea to move. The movement sways across the different hair cells creating impulses that are sent to the brain through the eighth cranial nerve.

The physiology of hearing starts with a vibration that occurs in the air which sends an acoustic signal to the ear drum. The signal is transduced into a mechanical signal that transmits through the inner ear and the cochlear nerve. Finally, the signal is

a) The structures and the afferent division of the peripheral nervous system that are involved in

There are two factors that contribute to sound localization the first is the pinna also known as the outer ear, it is cup shaped to allow you to hear what’s in front of you. Then there is the fact that you have two ears on each side of yor head, sound in each ear may differ so the brain can determine where the sound is coming from because it is receiving sound from both.

The middle ear has three ossicles (tiny bones) the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup that connect the middle ear to the inner ear. When sound enters your middle ear, it causes the ossicles to vibrate. These vibrations then move into the cochlea, which is filled with fluid. When the vibrations move the fluid that is in the cochlea, it stimulates tiny hair cells that respond to different frequencies of sound. After the tiny hair cells are stimulated, they direct the frequencies of sound into the auditory nerve, as nerve impulses. (ASHA 2013)

In the brainstem, the connections between the vestibular nuclei and the parabrachial nucleus are the link between vestibular system

a) Calculate the Acoustic impedance of subcutaneous tissue, muscle and bone. Assume subcutaneous tissue has a density of 1060kg/m3 (Hedrick 2003), muscle has a density of 1104kg/m3 (Madjor 2008) and bone has a density of 5065kg/m3 (Hedrick 2003). Give your answer in Mrayls. Please use speed of sound as 1540m/s for tissue, muscle and bone

The snail like shape of the cochlear effectively boosts the strength of the vibrations caused by sound, especially for low pitches. When sound waves hit the ear drum, tiny bones in the ear transmit the vibrations to the fluid of the cochlea, where they travel along a tube that winds into a spiral. The tube’s properties gradually change along its length, so the waves grow and then die away, much as an ocean wave travelling towards the shore gets taller and narrower before breaking at the beach.

Due to the physical limits of the middle ear, the ossicles and the tympanic membrane, the low frequency and high frequencies are attenuated while the mid frequencies are amplified. This happens because the tympanic membrane has variable stiffness and therefore sound moves differently in different areas. Generally, this contributes to the attenuation or filtering of the low frequencies. High frequencies are attenuated due to the limits of the ossicular chain. At these frequencies the ossicles are moving very quickly, so quickly that they tend to flex and stop articulating the way they are supposed to; this filters out the high

The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from all these systems to create the sensation of balance. The Inner ear is where the vibrations from sound waves turned into electric pulses that our brains can understand as sound. The cochlea is responsible for turning the vibrations into electric pulses, in a process called transduction. When the footplate of the stapes connects to the oval window, it causes the perilymph to move. The cochlea propagates these mechanical signals as waves in the fluid and membranes, and then converts them to nerve impulses which are transmitted to the

In the auditory system the pressure waves in the outer ear are taken and send down the auditory canal to the tympanic membrane the cochlea can then transduce.

The ear is made up of three parts, the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinnae. Its function is to focus sound on the tympanic membrane. The middle ear is where the three ossicles are containes, the Malleus, Incus,

To describe the concept of equal loudness regardless of frequency, the unit phon was developed. Each curve of the equal loudness contours defines a single phon level. For example, the curve that is 40 dB SPL at 1 kHz is defined as 40 phons; 40 phons at 10 kHz is therefore approximately 50 dB SPL and at 100 Hz slightly more than 60 dB SPL. Phons and decibels SPL are the same for a 1 kHz tone — an increase of 10 phons is equal to an increase of 10 dB at 1 kHz, but it may be more or less at other frequencies.

inner portions. The outer ear, or pinna, is the structure that we call the ear.