Amy Zegart's Flawed By Design

Account of the work of the CIA, discussing in some detail the nature of the relationship between the intelligence-gatherer and the policy-maker. Since the 1970s the CIA has provided intelligence to Congress as well as to the executive, so that it now "finds itself in a remarkable position, involuntarily poised nearly equidistant" between them. It has not however abused this freedom of action, probably unique among world intelligence agencies, so as to 'cook ' intelligence. CIA deputy director.

In this paper the subject of interest is the role of congress in the oversight of strategic intelligence, or the lack there of. Does congress have a proper role in the oversight of strategic intelligence? If not what should the proper role be? These are the questions best answered by looking at the history of congressional over sight and where it is at today. The next few pages will cover the topics above and shed light on what it is congress calls oversight.

The 1776 united States of America Declaration of Independence contain the words that succinctly describe our national objective, strategy, and message, “We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.” In today’s United States of America, the world acknowledges American’s as the preeminent owner of individual freedoms, holding and promoting these three basic principles for some 240 years. During these years, the U.S. has employed the use of intelligence to shape its objectives and strategies, and then in times of war used the same intelligence to shape strategic messages against foreign powers. However, as hostilities decline and give way to the restoration of relative peace, the use of intelligence for strategic messages against foreign powers ceases. Under these circumstances, the void created by secession of U.S. messages, provides a communication opportunity to foreign powers for transmission of anti-U.S. messages. Attempts have been made to reinstate the offices that during war countered these anti-U.S. messages to a comprehensive reorganization of the U.S Government intelligence community. This paper does not support creation of a new agency or department to utilize existing strategic intelligence.

Since 1947, when the Central Intelligence Agency was created, the United States has had an organization that has the sole purpose of conducting covert operations, collecting information, and providing that same information to the respective personnel. Although, this, by some, has been considered conflictual as the CIA is handling those three actions. It is considered that this may be a conflict of interest in a means of, the same people that are collecting information, creating a bias opinion, are conducting the covert action being carried out. This could create a bias work environment. Due to the professionalism and 60 years of success to show for it, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Clandestine Service (NCS) conducting

Providing for the common defense means that the United States government must preserve the rights, freedom, and safety of the nation as a whole. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) fulfills this goal, as the agency collects, analyzes, and processes information at an international level and utilizes the data to further bolster our nation’s intelligence and security against foreign countries. Without the CIA, we would not be able to be one of the strongest nations on the planet.

On today’s battlefield, the Title 10 - Title 50 debate often arises. The enemy we face has caused us to become more dependent on other agencies within the United States government. The main issues with this argument are the delineation between military and intelligence operations, the strict oversight on Title 50 operations, and the “rice bowl” attitude among the different agencies.

The Testimony of Cofer Black, the Director of the CIA’s Counterterrorism Center from 1999-2002, greatly affected my thinking about the domestic intelligence ‘failures’ which led to the inability to foresee or prevent the 9/11 attacks. His testimony, paired with both concurring and clashing views from the 9/11 Commission Report, gave a persuasive ‘defense’ of the intelligence community’s actions and capabilities before September 11, 2001. Three of Black 's ‘agreements’ were particularly influential towards my understanding. First, Black presented a strong argument that the inefficiency of counterterrorism had much to do with pre-9/11 domestic priorities, which left those involved with fighting terrorism, including those acts

The Intelligence Community is a cooperative federation of sixteen separate United States government agencies that worked separately and together on matters of foreign relations and national security. One of these agencies is the Central Intelligence Agency which is to collect, analyze, evaluate, disseminate foreign intelligence to assist the President and senior US government policymakers in making decisions relating to national security. Therefore this paper will discuss Central Intelligence Agency history and the role it plays in combating acts of terrorism.

First, the U.S. intelligence community could not operate in an integrated manner because its structure was a Cold War relic with no one in charge. Second, the executive branch lacked an effective planning mechanism for counterterrorism operations. (Lederman, ch3, 65).

The beginning of our present day Counter Intelligence (CI) began after WWII with the combined efforts of the U.S. X-2 branch of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Special Intelligence Services (SIS). These offices gave way to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) responsible for countering activities of foreign intelligence services in the U.S. and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) responsible for coordinating U.S. counterintelligence activities in foreign countries. Within the framework of the development of the United States of America there was not a devised explanation for the use of intelligence within the armed forces. Spies were present during the Revolutionary war. Washington had a spy ring organized called the Culper Ring organized by Colonel Benjamin Tallmadge, spying on the British in New York City. The Culper spies sent messages back to Washington divulging information on British activities at their headquarters based in New York city, as explained in Alexander Rose’s book “Washington’s Spies: the story of America’s first spy Ring”. The need for a CI mission in the U.S. during the Cold War after WWII was paramount to the protection of the U.S. against enemy treats and ability to gain information that would support the U.S. power to negotiate. During WWII the OSS and the SIS mirrored the British intelligence services structure and in combination developed methods of signals intelligence that helped to break

The CIA was created in 1946, not only to control and withhold secret information for policy makers, but also to fix rivalry and distrust between civilian agencies and military intelligence services. This was previously the job of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Office of Strategic Services (OSS). The CIA also notoriously contains documentation of U.S. initiated torture.

The CIA, the elite intelligence agency for the United States of America. Formed by President Truman on September 18, 1947 for security of the nation. Although, they were created in order to protect the nation, this agency has actually created several downfalls and incidents that were quite unneeded during times of tension. In April of 1961, the CIA launched a special operation that was a plotted coup of Cuba. In the years leading up to these three days, the CIA had been training Cuban Americans in order to fight and retake Cuba as a democratic government. Instead, the coup was a total disaster and therefore in typical CIA fashion the President was blamed for this disaster. Another disappointment by the CIA was the “containment” of communism in Southern Asia.

Roosevelt’s death defines the abyss of political leadership that allowed Hoover and Donovan to push for a peacetime agency that would be used to monitor American citizens and other non-military targets. During the Cold War era, the CIA was primarily supported due to the fear of communist Infiltration into the United States. The issue of communism was a major reason why the CIA was given much broader powers as the international version of the

Lord Byron once remarked that, "Truth is always strange; stranger than fiction." In assessing Walter Hixson's review of Tom Clancy's novels and their impact on American national security it is striking to witness the degree to which an invented fictional reality and the real world played off one another for each other's benefit. In Hixon's review his primary argument is that the popularity of Clancy's novels both with large swaths of the public and in the national security apparatus stems from his exaltation of American exceptional-ism, demonization of domestic and foreign enemies and promotion of military technology as a national security panacea. In essence, Clancy's novels promote an ideological perspective on national security which reinforces fundamental narratives which national security powerbrokers want the public to believe in order to support military procurement and foreign policy initiatives.

During WWII, the creation of the OSS was a significant improvement in gathering intelligence on foreign spies and enemies of the state. Roosevelt created the OSS with the purpose of uniting the often-divided Army and Navy intelligence gathering services that often concealed information from each other in terms of a quasi-military rivalry in the Armed Forces. More so, the FBI and The United States Department of State had its own separate intelligence service that further divided the nation’s