Amylase Lab Report

There are many types of enzymes and each has a specific job. Enzymes are particular types of proteins that help to speed up some reactions, such as reactants going to products. One of them is the amylase enzyme. Amylases are found in saliva, and pancreatic secretions of the small intestine. The function of amylase is to break down big molecules of starch into small molecules like glucose; this process is called hydrolysis. Enzymes are very specific; for example, amylase is the only enzyme that will break down starch. It is similar to the theory of the lock

Enzymes are catalysts that function to speed up reactions; for example, the enzyme sucrose speeds up the hydrolysis of sucrose, which breaks down into glucose and fructose. They speed up reactions but are not consumed by the reaction that is taking place. The most important of the enzyme is the shape as it determines which type of reaction the enzyme speeds up. Enzymes work by passing/lowering and energy barrier and in doing so; they need to bind to substrates via the active. Once they do, the reaction speeds up so much more quickly than it would without the enzyme. Coenzymes and cofactors aid the enzyme when it comes to binding with the substrate. They change the shape of the active site so the substrate can bind properly and perform its function.

2. We measured 1 mL of turnip peroxidase (the enzyme) and 3 mL of neutral buffer (pH corresponding to the test tube number i.e. pH 5 in test tube 5) with a syringe and disposed it into tubes 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10

In this lab experiment the action of the enzyme Amylase was observed on starch (the substrate). Amylase changed the starch into a simpler form, the sugar maltose, which is soluble in water. Maltose then breaks down the glucose chains of starch in the pancreas and intestines. Amylase is present in human saliva, and begins to act on the starch in the food while still in the mouth. Exposure to heat or extreme PH (acid or base) will denature proteins. Enzymes, including amylase, are proteins; if denatured enzymes can no longer act as a catalyst for the reaction. In the presence of potassium iodide, starch turns a dark purple color; however maltose does not react with I2KI. The rate of fading of starch allows a quantitative measurement of reaction rate.

An experiment was performed to test how temperature variations affect enzymatic activity of the enzyme amylase. The results of the experiment will also determine the optimal temperature of the amylase enzyme. The results of the experiment provide evidence for determining the environments that the enzyme amylase would most likely be present. By determining the possible environments, one can predict what and how environmental factors will affect the enzyme amylase. Two forms of amylase (Bacterial - Bacillus licheniformis and Fungal - Aspergyllus oryzae) were combined with starch molecules at four different temperatures (0⁰, 25⁰, 65⁰, 85⁰ Celsius). The combination of starch and the amylase enzyme resulted in a visual chemical reaction that was recorded. The enzyme activity was recorded every two minutes, starting at 0 and ending at 10. The start time 0 served as the control group of the experiment. The results concluded that both bacterial and fungal amylase has an optimal temperature around 65⁰C. This was possible to determine by recording the color change of the spot plate wells. Amylase catalyzes efficiently at its optimal temperature which resulted in yellow spot plate wells. Enzymatic activity decreased when the temperature was less than 65⁰C, resulting in a green-brown well. The green wells indicated that starch wasn’t broken down completely and was still present. Temperatures greater than 65⁰C resulted dark-green wells which resembled the denaturing of

An enzyme also known as a protein, is a biological catalyst which speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy to increase the rate in which the reaction occurs. The enzyme used was amylase, which breaks down starch molecules into maltose. PH, substrate concentration, salt concentration, and temperature. When enzymes reach a low temperature, the activity is slowed down of molecule movement, but the enzyme is not destroyed. Once enzymes are placed in optimal temperatures once again, it will restore its activity to a normal rate. When enzymes reach too high above optimal temperature, the enzyme is denatured and cannot be restored. In the experiment performed the activity of breaking down starch in fungal and bacterial amylase was being tested at a range of temperatures and time. The fungal and bacterial amylase work best at optimal temperature. Amylase will function best at sixty degrees Celsius at 10 minutes when starch had been one hundred percent hydrolyzed. Hydrolyzed is the breakdown of molecules through addition of water. The experiments independent variables were the time, temperature and enzyme used. The dependent variable was the enzyme activity that broke down the starch into maltose. The controlled variables were the temperature baths, the iodine drop amount, the mixture drop amount, and location of experiment. The control group was the zero minutes without amylase at

First of all, let’s discuss the carbohydrate molecule, which contains carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms. Carbohydrates are the most important source of energy for our body and our digestive system changes carbohydrates into glucose (sugar). Carbohydrates contain monosaccharides (one simple sugar), disaccharides (two simple sugars), and polysaccharides (many simple sugars). These simple sugars are joined by glycosidic bonds to form

Explain expediency and benefits of their intake and excretionThe digestion of carbohydrate begins in the mouth, and then the salivary gland moistens the food as the food is chewed. The salivary glands have an enzyme called amylase. The amylase is a catalyst that helps in the breakdown of polysaccharides Carbohydrate food. After eating the carbohydrate food into pieces with the help of amylase, it is swallowed to the stomach (chyme) through the oesophagus, at chyme, no digestion takes place. The salivary amylase stops action, and the stomach produces acid that destroys any bacteria. From the stomach, the chyme enters the small intestine (duodenum), the pancreas releases an enzyme called pancreatic amylase that helps in the splitting of polysaccharide into disaccharide. The small intestine t produces maltase, lactase, sucrose. These are enzymes that aids in splitting the disaccharides into monosaccharides.How did the carbohydrate, fats, and proteins differ in digestion process? Explain suitability and benefits of their intake and excretion. (Atoba, MA 1988) The intestinal bacteria help in digesting carbohydrates that refused to digest like other carbohydrates or excreted with faces.Example of carbohydrate foods are bread,Paste,

All cells need nutrient and energy to live and this energy provided by processes that called digestion. For example, when we eat some things like bread, meat, and vegetable, although they are delicious, but they are not forms of nourishment for the cells, therefore they need to change into an acceptable form such as smaller molecules to absorb by blood and carry to body cells. Digestion is break downing of food into appropriate form to absorb into the bloodstream. Digestion system contains the digestive tract called alimentary canal and associated glands that secrete digestive juices for digestion of food. The digestion or breakdown is started when food is taken in the mouth and mastication performed by the teeth and exposed to certain enzymes. The primary function of teeth is grasped and holds the food in the mouth cavity, they also modified to serve as a grinding mill for chewing food that mentions to mechanical digestion. With the help of the teeth, tongue, and jaw movement, food are chewed and mixed with saliva that secreted in the mouth and allowing chemical digestion to happen. The digestion of a ham, cheese, and lettuce sandwich begins in the mouth. The food in the mouth active the endocrine glands to secretion digestive enzyme that called salivary amylase. It helps to break down carbohydrates and starch. Thus, at this stage, the bread of ham and cheese sandwich chemically digested. Amylase is a starch digesting enzyme which breakdowns bread (starch) into maltose that

An enzyme is a protein that acts as a catalyst which reduces the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction. Without the presence of enzyme, cell reactions would take so long that they would detectable. During a reaction, in the presence of an enzyme, the substrate first creates a complex with the enzyme. While the substrate is a part of the complex, it’s converted into the product. Then, finally, the complex dissociates from the molecule which allows the release of the enzyme and formed product. An enzyme’s activity depends on a variety of conditions which includes the pH level and temperatures. Phosphorylase is an enzyme that catalyze the addition of a

Organisms cannot depend solely on spontaneous reactions for the production of materials because they occur slowly and are not responsive to the organism's needs (Martineau, Dean, et al, Laboratory Manual, 43). In order to speed up the reaction process, cells use enzymes as biological catalysts. Enzymes are able to speed up the reaction through lowering activation energy. Additionally, enzymes facilitate reactions without being consumed (manual,43). Each enzyme acts on a specific molecule or set of molecules referred to as the enzyme's substrate and the results of this reaction are called products (manual 43). As a result, enzymes promote a reaction so that substrates are converted into products on a faster pace (manual 43). Most enzymes are proteins whose structure is determined by its sequence of its amino acids. Enzymes are designed to function the best under physiological conditions of PH and temperature. Any change of these variables that change the conformation of the enzyme will destroy or enhance enzyme activity(manual, 43).

Amylase is an enzyme that is located in human saliva. It is solely accountable for breaking down starch as a way to start the breakdown of food and is one of the first steps of digestion. The time at which the enzyme starts the chemical reaction with starch is called the reaction rate. In order to study how amylase works against starch, this experiment consisted of two tests; each testing a different condition of amylase. The first test was to simply study the reaction between saliva and amylase and note the reaction rates. The second test was to see if increasing the pH would decrease the reaction rate or halt it all together. Saliva was collected, diluted, and tested for reactions between starch and amylase. Another sample of saliva was collected, diluted, and had its pH increased and tested for reaction rate. The findings after the experiment was conducted aligned with the original hypothesis. The change in pH did show a significant decrease in the reaction rate.

How does decreasing the levels of pH by adding Hydrochloric acid affect the Amylase’s ability to break down potato starch solution?

In this lab our group observed the role of pancreatic amylase in the digestion of starch and the optimum temperature and pH that affects this enzyme. Enzymes are located inside of cells that increase the rate of a chemical reaction (Cooper, 2000). Most enzymes function in a narrow range of pH between 5 through 9 (Won-Park, Zipp, 2000). The temperature for which enzymes can function is limited as well ranging from 0 degrees Celsius (melting point) to 100 degrees Celsius (boiling point)(Won-Park, Zipp, 2000). When the temperature varies in range it can affect the enzyme either by affecting the constant of the reaction rate or by thermal denturization of the particular enzyme (Won-Park, Zipp, 2000). In this lab in particular the enzyme, which was of concern, was pancreatic amylase. This type of amylase comes from and is secreted from the pancreas to digest starch to break it down into a more simple form called maltose. Maltose is a disaccharide composed of two monosaccharides of glucose. The presence of glucose in our experiment can be identified by Benedicts solution, which shows that the reducing of sugars has taken place. If positive the solution will turn into a murky reddish color, where if it is negative it will stay clear in our reaction. We can also test if no reduction of sugars takes place by an iodine test. If starch is present the test will show a dark black color (Ophardt, 2003).

The objective of this lab was to assess the effect that temperature and pH had on pancreatic amylase. Amylase is an enzyme involved in digestion and is secreted by both the pancreas and salivary glands (Pandol, 2010). Both salivary and pancreatic amylase display the same enzymatic activities through their role in the digestion of starch (Pandol, 2010). The goal of both salivary and pancreatic amylase is to hydrolyze starch thus breaking down the polysaccharide into a disaccharide such as maltose (Pandol, 2010). As a result, amylase breaks down these sugars making them more easily absorbed in the body during digestion (Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, 2015). Through this lab we learned about the role of pancreatic amylase and how this enzyme operates under certain conditions.