An Analysis Of Parkinson's Disease

The cause of Parkinson disease, defined by Robert Hauser, who is an author of Medscape, is still unclear. Studies state that there is a combination of environmental and genetic factors for this particular disease. Approximately 10% of cases are currently genetic causes of Parkinson disease. Environmental risk factors such as use of pesticides, living in a rural environment, consumption of well water, exposure to herbicides, and proximity to industrial plants or quarries are commonly associated with the development of Parkinson disease (Hauser, 2016). In addition, according to Hauser, “genetic factors in Parkinson disease appear to be very important when the disease begins at or before age 50 years. In a study of 193 twins, overall concordance for MZ and DZ pairs was similar, but in 16 pairs of twins, in whom Parkinson disease was diagnosed at or before age 50 years, all 4 MZ pairs, but only 2 of 12 DZ pairs, was concordant.The identification of a few families with familial Parkinson disease sparked further interest in the genetics of the disease.

The path physiology of Parkinson’s disease is the pathogenesis if Parkinson disease is unknown. Epidemiologic data suggest genetic, viral, and environmental toxins as possible

Although the etiology of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) is unknown, it is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of ventral midbrain region [9]; [1]. Its prevalence is associated with age. Approximately 1% of the population is affected at 65–70 years of age, which increases to 4–5% in 85-year-olds [2]. Various epidemiological studies and pathological analyses have demonstrated that mean age of onset in sporadic PD, which accounts for about 95% of cases of Parkinsonism is 70 years [7]; [3]. Familial form of Parkinson’s disease is linked to genetic mutations and has prevalence rate of 4%. Familial Parkinson’s disease patients develop early-onset disease before the age of 50

Parkinson 's disease, like Alzheimer’s is more common in later ages but is affecting youth and young adults. It is the second most common neurological degenerative disorder, and has been found to affect 6 million people worldwide. The disease is a progressive motor syndrome that impairs the heart, muscles, and central nervous system. Intracellular inclusions, Lewy bodies, and dopaminergic neuronal loss effect Parkinson’s disease. In 5–10% of Parkinson’s cases, they are familial and transmitted in either an autosomal-dominant or an autosomal-recessive fashion. (Gandhi, 2010)

Firstly, genetics is believed to play a role although it only affects a small number of families. Scientists have identified some gene abnormalities and mutations that are linked to Parkinson’s Disease such as the mutation in alpha synuclein gene. The triplication of this gene on a copy of chromosome 4 causes the overproduction of either normal or abnormal alpha synuclein protein, which is toxic to brain cells (Lesage, “Genetics and Parkinson’s Disease: What have we learned?”). Secondly, more and more studies have shown the relation between environmental toxins and Parkinson’s Disease. Exposure to toxins such as certain metals (manganese), pesticides and chemicals (MPTP, an illicit drug) selectively damages neurological cells, causing the disease (“Parkinson’s Disease: Hope through research”). Thirdly, mitochondrial oxidation stress may also contribute to the illness (“What causes Parkinson’s Disease”). By ‘stealing’ electrons from nearby molecules, the unstable free radicals cause damage to cells such as the neurons, and thus interrupt the communication with our

A mouse’s motor skill can be observed and compared to the motor skill of a Parkinson’s patients. Although mice do not have exact symptoms as a human with Parkinson’s disease, they do show symptoms where they have a reduced sense of smell, they have trouble sleeping, their gastrointestinal system is not in good condition, the body regulated functions are dysfunctional, they have increased levels of anxiety and depression, and cognitive decline (3). This experiment will obtain data about the location of the mutation for Parkinson’s disease. The mouse model system will help understand where the gene is

Parkinson 's disease (PD) is the second world 's major neurological disease (Laut & Breteler, 2006) affecting 6 million people globally (Schapira, 1999). PD is a progressive and long term disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) activity with the following traits including bradykinesia, rigorousness, involuntary muscular contraction and unstable postural alignment (O ' Sullivan & Schmitz, 2007). Basal ganglia are located in the CNS have large nerve fibers and neurotransmitters for controlling all types of movement (Ciccone, 2016). The main neurotransmitters of the basal ganglia including substantia nigra which produces dopamine and dopamine normalize the neurons of the basal ganglia (Goodman & Fuller, 2015). The neural activity in PD is the imbalance of the dopamine pathways that conjoined with the substantia nigra to the striatum (Agid, 1991). Michell, (2004); Lang & Obeso (2004) identified that dopamine depletion is also due to an increase degeneration of the neurons of the brain structure with a consequence of changes in conduction to the other neural pathways. Also, there are non- living substance unable to carry out any metabolic benefits ad was unprotected by membranes called Lewy bodies (Michell, 2004; Lang et al., 2004).

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases, falling second to Alzheimer’s disease. It is stated that there are roughly 5 million individuals worldwide and 1 million individuals in the U.S. that suffer from PD. PD arises from the lack of dopamine in the brain along with the degradation of dopaminergic neurons, particularly in the substantia nigra pars compacta.1 The degradation of the dopamine neurons increases the number of free radicals in the substantia nigra which in turn increase oxidative stress.2 In the brain, Lewy bodies can be seen in different locations, based on the progression of PD. As the knowledge of PD pathophysiology evolved, the etiology of the disease has yet to be determined but genetic and environmental factors being studied.

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive disorder that affects the Central Nervous System (CNS). The Central Nervous System is the portion of the body that encompasses the brain and spinal cord (Abromovitz 13). Parkinson’s Disease is characterized by an abnormal motor output. The output is irregular because impulses are blocked and can not be interpreted. Since the impulses can not be deciphered, the messages are misconstrued and the brain confuses commands (Hains 1).

Of the eleven family members with Parkinson’s disease from the Canadian Mennonite family, two did not possess the new found mutation. One of the two members displayed similar symptoms and began displaying symptoms at the expected onset of the disease, but shockingly the other began displaying symptoms over fifteen years sooner than what would be expected (Vilariño-Güell et al, 2013). Due to the consistent onset of Parkinson’s disease the research team questioned if there are other possible mutations at the DNAJC13 that could be passed down through generations and be linked to the disease (Vilariño-Güell et al, 2013). The team launched into action examining if there was a possibility of more than one mutation in the DNA section of DNAJC13 that could cause disease (Vilariño-Güell et al, 2013). In an attempt to eliminate this possibility Vilariño-Güell and his team processed all coding regions in this section of DNA in over two hundred families from Canada, Norway, Taiwan and Tunisia (Vilariño-Güell et al, 2013). The study discovered two additional mutations with a possibility of being linked to Parkinson’s disease (Vilariño-Güell et al, 2013). Further investigation found that one of the two mutations was rare and most likely harmless, but the other

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive and chronic neurodegenerative disorder. It can be characterised clinically by tremor development, bradykinesia, and rigidity (Chaturvedi, 2008). PD is pathologically caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia pars compacta, which regulates motor control, (Magdalena Guerra-Crespo, 2011) with a degeneration of the neurotransmitter dopamine (Wood & Calne, 2011). This disturbance in the movement control centre also decline the presence of laminated inclusions (Lewy bodies) clumped abnormally by protein gene called alpha-synuclein that links to the development of both sporadic, and hereditary cases of PD (Michael J. Fox Foundation, 2012). Both genetic and environmental elements play a role

Parkinson’s Disease is a multifactorial disease which means it does not have one specific disease. Multifactorial diseases, such as Parkinson’s Disease, are caused by both genetic and environmental causes. PD is known to be linked to “a deficiency of dopamine neurons.” Scientists know that the cause of Parkinson's Disease is due to the death of dopamine cells in the substantia nigra and basal ganglia;(Abromovitz 28-30) however, no one is sure what causes these neurons to die.

Parkinson’s disease is a movement disorder characterized by slowness of movement, weakness, tremors, as well as stiffness. It is a disease that gets progressively worse over time. Sufferers can also experience cognitive declines as well as depression. The precise mechanisms that cause it are not yet fully known, however it is known That a dysfunction in the basal ganglia is present. (Burch,2005) Though a lot of research has been done to get to the bottom of this disease. The topic of its history, its pathophysiology, and it treatment, are all cover in the article Parkinson’s disease. (Burch,2005)

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized mainly by physical and psychological disabilities. This disorder was named after James Parkinson, an English physician who first described it as shaking palsy in 1817 (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). Jean- Martin Charcot, who was a French neurologist, then progressed and further refined the description of the disease and identified other clinical features of PD (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). PD involves the loss of cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine in a part of the brain stem called the substansia nigra, which results in several signs and symptoms (Byrd, Marks, and Starr, 2000). It is manifested clinically by tremor,

According to Fahn (2003), Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of unknown etiology that can occur at any age, though most commonly develops in