An Analysis of the Sun and Shade Leaves of Burr Oak (Quercus Macrocarpa)

We conduct an independent sample t-test using Excel, and obtain the following output (see t-test-height)

The growth rate of native tree species compared to the shade tolerance can be viewed in Figure 1. The general trend is as growth rate increases, the shade tolerance decreases. Trees that depend on sunlight, like the American beech, need to have a faster growth rate in order to compete with other species. On the other hand, trees with shade tolerance such as the sugar maple don’t need to grow as fast, as they can still thrive with less sunlight. An exception to this general trend would be striped maple, whose growth rate is fast and is also shade tolerant. This species has adapted itself

Plants are found everywhere on earth, up high on the ridge and down low in caves and caverns. The types of plants that live in these places depends on many factors. These factors are separated into two different categories, the biotic factors and the abiotic factors. Some of the biotic factors include, predation, competition, and habitat destruction. Plants with limited competition and large amounts of resources will be in a higher abundance than plants with limited resources and higher competition rates will be confined to areas and either out competed or will be the dominant species. Certain plants adapt to these factors and thrive and others don’t do as well. Some of the abiotic factors include, sunlight, water, temperature, and wind. These

All the p-values are greater than 0.05, therefore there is a statistical difference between each transect.

If 9 t tests were conducted and the set alpha for this study is 0.05, then the alpha level that should be used to determine the differences between the two groups is 0.05/9=0.0056 and the resulting alpha will be used to determine significant differences.

The t-test is a parametric analysis technique used to determine significant differences between the scores obtained from two groups. The t-test uses the standard deviation to estimate the standard error of the sampling distribution and examines the differences between the means of the two groups. Since the t-test is considered fairly easy to calculate, researchers often use it in determining differences between two groups. When interpreting the results of t-tests, the larger the calculated t ratio, in absolute value, the greater the difference between the two groups. The significance of a t ratio can be determined by comparison with the critical values in a

One-sample t-test are used in the parametric test which analyzes the means of populations. The t-test for independent groups are statistics that relates difference between treatment means to the amount of variability expected between any two samples of data within the same population (Hansen & Myers, 2012). Critical values are used in significant testing provide a range of t distribution that is used in whether a null hypothesis is rejected. Based on the data below as the level of significance is at .05, thus the critical values would fall under ±1.860 and the t value for this is 1.871 would suggest for the null to be rejected as it is greater than the critical value (Privitera, 2015, p. 267). Based on the population mean of 70 there was a mean difference of

Please record the address of the property where the samples were collected, or—even better—provide GPS coordinates). You will bring these leaves to the college and will identify the trees they came from using accepted scientific methodology. I will give you guidance in how to identify the tree species. (Note that this may involve meeting outside of class time). You will then write a paper, using the same format as your regular lab report, on the identity of the trees, whether they are native to our area or not, and discuss why they might be growing where you found them. Your paper will be reviewed and you will have the option to either accept the grade given, or correcting any problems found. If problems are corrected, your grade will be raised to the maximum and your paper submitted for possible publication online at www.saturnjournal.org. This will be worth 10 bonus points. 3. Extra exam credit. There will be four bonus points available on each of the two lab practicals, and five bonus points on the final lecture exam, for a total of thirteen bonus points. Total bonus points available = 30. When added to your lowest qualifying exam grade, this equates to a maximum of six (6) points added to your final course average. EXAM POLICY: A. Repeating exams. Please note that each exam may be taken once only. Exams may not be repeated because you are not happy

The degree of freedom in this experiment was 3. The chi-square value that was calculated was 1.4481. The p-value was 0.6943.

It tells that the t-statistic with 97 degrees of freedom was 2.14, and the corresponding p-value was less than .05, specifically around 0.035. Therefore, it is appropriate to conclude the research study was statistically significant.

However, treatment four, 0.1296 (±0.608), represents that the mean was extraneous from what it should be (Table 1). The t-tests show how different the mean is in each treatment.

With a P-value of 0.00, we have a strong level of significance. No additional information is needed to ensure that the data given is accurate.

Three different sub species of Oak was sampled: White, Red, and Bur to study adaptation within a species. We hypothesised that each sub species would have different adaptations in their leaves. We sampled multiple leaves from sub species of oak by cutting off a part of the branch. We then found the surface area and weight of the leaves. The curves of the surface area and weight were all different for each sub species showing that leaf size is adapted differently.

Our lab investigated the morphological characteristics of leaves found in the sun and shade on various species of maple and oak trees around campus. Our null hypothesis was Acer and Quercus acclimate similarly with regards to SLW (specific leaf weight), size, and sinuosity. Our hypothesis was Quercus acclimation is greater than Acer SLW, size, and sinuosity. We tested these hypotheses by picking small sections of a branches from both maple and oak trees. A group was assigned either a maple or an oak tree, and needed a total of three different trees per group. Once three different trees were chosen, groups needed three shade leaves and three sun leaves of off each different tree. In total, each group should then end up with 18 leaves for testing. After collecting the leaves, we ran them through the LiCor 3100 leaf area meter to identify the area of each leaf. Major results found by the classes’ mutual data was each one of our p-values were greater than .05. This means that we failed to reject the null hypothesis. Thus, the lab results do not support our hypothesis that Quercus acclimation is greater than Acer SLW, size, and sinuosity.

The overall variation of the mean moisture content of tree bark, and the mean distribution of the Lichen population in relation to the increasing height of the tree from the ground level is shown in Figure 1. It was observed that there is a remarkable reduction in the mean moisture content of the bark as the height of the tree increased. Hence there is a strong relationship between the mean moisture content and the tree height as supported by the high coefficient of determination value (R2 = 0.96136). The mean moisture content from the tree height of 0.50 metres to 1.00 metre has a percentage reduction of 18% (Refer to Appendix VI for equation), and this value increases to 24% from the tree height of 0.50 metres to 1.50 metres. Fielding (1952) on his research on Monterey pine trees, also found that some trees showed a progressive decrease in the moisture content, as the tree height increased. The reason for this maybe due to the fact that the lower parts of the trees have a closer proximity to the soil surface. In this location the organic matter content of the top layer of soil is relatively high due to seasonal tree leaves deposition of perennial trees and a good cover of grass surface, this creates a higher moisture retention of top soil therefore lower parts of the trees get more moisture contact. Claire Shi (2016), conducted a similar research on trees at a different area at the Victoria Esplanade. The results from her research show that the moisture