An Article About Plasmodium Knowlesi

Background - Malaria is a water borne disease. It is spread by a parasite-carrying mosquito. It kills many people and reduces a country 's capacity to develop. There are different strategies to combat malaria. Around half the population is at risk of malaria and this disease is active in 106 counties across Africa, Asian and the Americas (see source 3). the global annual mortality from malaria is between 1.5 - 3 million deaths, or between 4000 and 8000 each day. Developing countries are most vulnerable to Malaria and as shown on source 2 Malaria has been spread across many various other countries including in Europe, but these countries have eradicated Malaria.

Annually, 200 million malaria cases are contracted and of these, 90% occur in Sub-Saharan Africa. Approximately one million people die annually, making plasmodium falciparum the most deadly parasitic disease. Contraction of plasmodium falciparum begins when a female Anopheles mosquito injects sporozoites, an early form of plasmodium falciparum, into the host. This sporozite is then transported to the human liver where it undergoes asexual reproduction producing merozoites. The merozoites invade other liver cells and enter the host’s bloodstream, where they invade erythrocyte. After the infection of the erythrocyte, the merozoite is transformed into a trophozoite, which then begins asexual reproduction near the nucleus to form a schizont in the erythrocytic cell. The schizont then asexually reproduces to produce mononucleated merozoites. When the erythrocytic cell ruptures due to the 3,000-4,000 merozoites produced, symptoms of fever and chills are induced within the host. This life cycle is extremely damaging to children; persons under the age of 5 account for 86% of malaria fatalities. Malaria has other characteristic effects, such as yellowing of the skin/eyes (jaundice), sweating, vomiting, weakness, and nausea. Current mortality rates in Africa are 9.33% per 1000 children, which represent 28.2% of all fatalities for those under five. The story changes dramatically as the host

(Fairhurst RM, Wellems TE. Plasmodium species (Malaria). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases . 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2009: p. 3071-3072)

It has been estimated that 609 million people in Africa are at risk of having malaria (Mabaso et al 2007, p. 35). Almost 34% of the populations in Zambia live in endemic risk areas, while 48% of the populations are in epidemic risk (Guerra et al., 2008, p.54; WHO

Malaria claims more lives than any other communicable disease except tuberculosis. Over 200 million cases worldwide are reported each year. According to the World Health Organization Research, Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the parasite plasmodium (WHO, 2011). It is a life-threatening disease transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. Unfortunately, an estimated death toll of 1 million African children is reported. Thus this paper will aim to further define this condition while describing clinical manifestations and preventive

von Seidlein L et al. discusses the changes in malaria incidence recorded at a single site in Africa over 25 years, along with future implications for disease prevention.

Defined by Merriam-Webster Dictionary, "Malaria is a kind of intermittent and remittent disease that spreads into the red blood cells of a human being once coming in contact with the disease." The parasite is a part and prime focus of the disease, then sets in the red blood cells and damages the entire human body (Webb 281). Malaria is a disease that was not as common in the old world as it is in the new world. Due to rampant progression in transport and infrastructure, the threat of malaria has increased staggeringly. This is because malaria is effective in any given population.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the symptoms of malaria vary in time and severity. The CDC recognizes two main types of malaria, termed “uncomplicated” and “severe” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). The first of the two is rather short-term, and occurs and ends under a day’s time. The symptoms of the “uncomplicated” malaria include, “Fever, chills, general malaise, sweats, and headaches” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). On the

Malaria is a disease of humans that is caused by the protozoa Plasmodium species and is transferred through the bite of infected female anopheles mosquito. The various species that cause infection in man include Plasmodium (P.) falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and P. knowlesi. The symptoms of malaria include but not limited to cold, elevated temperature, tiredness, general body weakness, and muscle pains. Symptoms show within 28 days after a bite by the female anopheles mosquito, but in case of P. vivax, relapse could still occur up to five years after the initial infection (Walker and Colledge 2014). Various antimalarial medications are

Malaria is a lethal disease which takes the life of a child nearly every minute. According to Healthline.com, Malaria is caused the Plasmodium parasite. These are a group of organisms that belong to the genu plasmodium and can infect a number of different animal species. The takes refuge and matures inside of mosquito. Malaria is transmitted by a particular species of mosquitoes which belong to the Anopheles genus. Only female mosquitoes can transmit the Parasite as only they feed on the blood of other organisms in order to produce eggs. Once parasite

most severe form of malaria, produced by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite, there is a danger

There are five main types of Malaria are P. falciparum (the most fatal and common), P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and P. knowlesi (“What is Malaria”, 2016). This parasitic infection is characterized upon infection by signs and symptoms such as fever, chills, headache, myalgia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, anemia and even jaundice (Singh et al., 2016).If not promptly treated, the infection can become severe and may cause kidney failure, seizures, mental confusion, coma, and death (Singh et al., 2016). Malaria is transmitted by the mosquito bite of a female Anopheles misquoted during a blood meal. Once this bite occurred there are two separate life cycle that proceed because Malaria is transmitted through previous blood meal taken from an infected person, this is why the lifecycle of Malaria in two different host come from. In the first blood meal and infected female Anopheles bites a human and in the process expels sporozoites into the human which travel directly to the liver and consequently infecting liver cells (Hahn & Pottinger, 2016).. Within the liver cells the sporozoites develop into schizonts which eventually mature into merozoites. Eventually the proliferation of merozoites causes the liver cells to rupture and release merzoites into the blood stream. These meroziotes then attack red blood cells within the body,

The main cause of Malaria is Plasmodium falciparum or plasmodium vivax, which is carry by the female Anopheles mosquito. As the female Anopheles mosquito bits on the human to take blood meal, the Plasmodium falciparum gets injected to the blood stream via mosquito’s saliva and travels through blood stream and eventually gets to the liver. In liver the Plasmodium falciparum being to multiply asexually. Next they start rupturing liver cells and release back to the blood stream. In the blood the parasite being to invade and multiply again inside the red blood cells. This time they start to reproduce sexually within the blood stream. This occurs until the red blood cells burst and releasing the parasite once again into the blood stream. Bursting of the red blood cells lead to acute anemia. This cycle happens over and over again and each time cause Chile, fever sweating. Rupturing the red blood cells and high temperature fever will eventually lead to death. Next the uninfected female Anopheles mosquito bites on the infected human and by sucking its

Each one has a distinctive appearance under the microscope, and each one produces a somewhat different pattern of symptoms. Two or more species can live in the same area and infect a single person at the same time. Young children, pregnant women and non-immune travellers from malaria-free areas are particularly vulnerable to the disease when they become infected. The four Plasmodium species are:

About 3.3 billion people, that is about half of the world’s population are at risk of contracting malaria (figure 1). Every year there are 250 million cases of malaria, and nearly 1 million deaths. That amounts to 2,732 deaths per day. Out of those million people that die every year, 800,000 of them are African children under the age of 5. To control malaria three actions need to be taken: insecticides need to be used to decrease the vector population, people have to be educated as to how to prevent the vector from reproducing, and anti-malarial drugs need to be distributed. To understand the vector and what the vector is, scientists had to first discover what the parasite was and how it worked. It was not until the year 1880 that French Physician Charles Laveran discovered that Malaria was caused by a protozoan in the genus Plasmodium (Malaria, 2013)