An Assessment Of Natural History

Bernard Malamud was brought up in the mid 1900s, a time period when baseball played a huge role in the lives of many Americans. Americans loved baseball because it gave them a chance to stop working and simply relax while they cheered on their favorite team. It was a time when people played baseball solely for the love of the game and the thrill of hearing the fans cheer for them. Today, however, baseball is much more corrupt, and many athletes are only in it due to their own greed and selfishness. This strong desire for money stems from some important players in the past, such as Babe Ruth and Joe DiMaggio, who were outstanding athletes and grew very overconfident in their abilities. They became so confident that they began to demand

MRI of the cervical spine obtained on 06/26/13 showed mild degenerative spondylitic changes and status post posterior fusion.

Blood pressure -138/88, HR 71, Lung sounds –clear, temperature 98.8 F, radial pulse and pedal pulses +1 bi-laterally, normoactive bowel sounds. No history of smoking, drugs, alcohol use or diabetes; takes no daily medications. Surgical history: Hernia surgery September 2016 and cataract surgery September 2013. Moderately active, walks every day, sometime incorporating hand weights. Patient presents with minimal trembling unilaterally, (left side) when fingers stretched out, reports movements have been slower than normal. Patient’s wife reports “He’s been eating more slowly and it has been taking longer for him to get dressed in the morning.”. Upon examination it was determined that patient has reduced arm swing, slight stiffness in neck, difficulty rising from sitting position in the chair, masked facial features and deteriorated balance. No signs or symptoms of stroke.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is autoimmune, inflammatory disease involving the central nervous system (CNS). This disease is a result of the immune system attacking myelin proteins. Usually affecting younger people between the ages of 20 and 50 years, multiple sclerosis slowly destroys the myelin sheath that are located in the CNS causing them to eventually create scleroses, or hardened lesions. Symptoms of multiple sclerosis can be different, but visual, sensory, and motor signs are usually affected with this disease. Some early symptoms care problems like blurred or double vision, numbness, loss of balance, and weakness in arms or legs, as well as fatigue, muscle spasms, speech problems. Approximately 400,000 people in the United States and 2.5 million people worldwide are affected by multiple sclerosis (Hersh and Fox, 2014). Educating ones self about multiple sclerosis is important because it has many unanswered questions. There are many theories and treatments that may seem like they work, but there is no cure or definite reason why MS happens. Multiple sclerosis is also a disease that affects many people and is very hard to treat.

IW was diagnosed with sprain of the ligaments of the cervical spine. Patient has received chiropractic care. Response has been good and IW is encouraged with gains being made. Improved function and functional restoration are expected with additional treatments. Plan is for chiropractic treatment, 2 times a week for 3 weeks.

The patient was compliant to all aspects of treatment and the home exercise program. There are no known alternate explanations of the outcomes of this case report. However, in comparison to the case report by Caldwell et al25., the patient in this case report displayed a faster decrease in pain and return to normal function indicated by 0/10 VAS, 0% neck disability and ability to perform all tasks for work at the last day of treatment, 3 weeks from the first day of physical therapy. Possible explanations for the faster recovery could be due to the slight difference of impairments as well as the addition to grade IV and V manipulations to the cervical and thoracic spine as suggested to have high correlation with decrease in pain and normalization

DOI: 8/24/2008. Patient is a 55-year-old female manager who sustained injury to her neck and back when she slipped and fell while walking down a set of pull out stairs. Per OMNI, she is diagnosed with cervical strain with radiculopathy and lumbar radiculopathy. She underwent C5-6 partial corpectomy and fusion in 05/31/2011.

Per the medical report dated 08/12/16 by Dr. Gunderson, the patient had neck pain, as well as headaches, dizziness and blurred vision. The neck pain radiated into both shoulders, but more so on the right, and occasionally she had tingling in her upper extremities. She described the neck pain as severe and intermittent, and not related to any specific activity, and relieved with massage. The pain in her lower back was in the beltline and radiated into both lower extremities, more so on the left. She described the pain as moderately severe and constant, and not related to any activity, and only relieved with nerve medicines. On examination, the patient had tenderness in the lower cervical region about C5 to C7. Range of motion of her neck was 75% of normal. Motor, sensory, and reflex examinations in the upper extremities were normal. On examination of the lumbar spine, the patient could dress and undress without difficulty. She had a bent forward posture and gait. She had reduced lumbar motion and with maximum forward flexion, her fingertips were 12 inches from the floor. Lateral flexion was 50% of normal, and she had no active extension in the lumbar spine. Motor, sensory, and reflex examinations in the lower extremities were normal. There was paravertebral tenderness about L4-5 bilaterally, as well as in both sacroiliac and sciatic notch regions. Straight leg caused hip and thigh pain at 50 degrees bilaterally. Of note, X-rays of the cervical spine demonstrated disc degeneration at C5-6. X-rays of the lumbar spine were normal. Patient sustained

A medical diagnosis of MS is done via numerous test. MRI of the brain and spinal cord are usually first. Lumbar puncture to test cerebrospinal fluid is also done to check for oligoclonal bands and high levels of IGG antibodies.McDonald et al (2001) states “Abnormality on CSF analysis can provide evidence of the immune and inflammatory nature of lesion(s), which may be helped when imaging criteria fall short, when they lack specificity ) as in older patient, or when the clinical presentation is atypical” (p. 123).

Citation: Young IA, Michener LA, Cleland JA, Aguilera AJ, Snyder AR. Manual therapy, exercise, and traction for patients with cervical radiculopathy: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2009;89(7):632-42.

Individuals with orthopedic impairments complicated by an underlying neuromuscular disorder can be treated however, the duration of care required to achieve functional improvements and goals is greater. Previous reports have highlighted surgical treatment and outcomes of patients with MS and coexisting orthopedic conditions. One study reported on 14 patients with coexisting MS and spinal cord compression secondary to cervical spondylosis or cervical disc disease. After decompressive surgery, half the patients

This is a serious condition for if not alleviated, the patient may be permanently limped, become

Back pain is a common complaint among adults and young active individuals. Around 12 % -15% athletes experience back pain due to spondylolysis making it one of the commonly seen problems in sports medicine (McCleary & Congeni, 2007). According to Cavalier, Herman, Cheung and Pizzutillo (2006), “Spondylolysis is the term used to describe an anatomic defect of the pars interarticularis without displacement of the vertebral body” (p. 418). It is derived from a Greek words “spondylos” (vertebra) and “lysis” (defect) and it can be unilateral or bilateral (Leone, Cianfoni, Cerase, Magarelli & Bonomo, 2011). Spondylolysis can cause spondylolisthesis, but this paper will focus mainly on spondylolysis. Spondylolysis can be symptomatic or asymptomatic

Apart from few specific points, the format of taking a neurological history is similar to that of general medicine. But, in contrast to general medicine, it is often necessary to ask neurological patients, at the end of the consultation, to repeat parts of the history because inconsistencies usually suggest impairment of memory or attention. Inconsistencies in reporting the symptoms are also an important feature of functional (conversion) disorders. It is also equally important to establish what the patient exactly means when he uses ambiguous words or phrases, e.g. collapsed, felt dizzy, etc. In addition, the clinician should allow the patient to describe his symptoms without unnecessary interruptions and he should avoid asking leading questions.

I chose this question since it has actually stayed with me for the whole TOK course. I found it very difficult to find a link, for example, of perception in math or how reason could fit into art. A network suggests that more than one way of knowing can collaborate within another in order to gain knowledge in a particular Area of knowing. The statement implies that not using a network of WOK to gain knowledge is unwise. Thus, I wish to examine how we best acquire knowledge in Natural Sciences and History. My two central knowledge questions are, how reliable is it to use only one way of knowing in one Area of knowledge in order to gain knowledge? and Is it essential to use a network of ways of knowing to acquire good knowledge?