An Empirical Association Between Dependent And Independent Variables

Data collected from The National Human Trafficking Resource Center concludes that victims of trafficking have come from 38 different countries. Some of these include the U.S. itself, Mexico, the Philippines, and China. In almost half of the cases, the origin of the victim was unknown

Human trafficking is a public health problem within the United States and Internationally. The victims subjected to the lifestyle of human trafficking can have sexually transmitted disease, HIV virus, and AIDS. It is an estimated 30,000 victims of human sex trafficking dying each year from abuse, disease, torture, and neglect. According, to U.S. government an estimates, of 800,000 people are trafficked across international borders annually, and up to 17,500 people are trafficked into the United States each year (Hodge, 2008). “According to United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), over the past 30 years, over 30 million children have been sexually exploited through human trafficking” (Random Facts, 2015, para. 24).

Human trafficking is a crime that is vast and ever-growing. It is also hard to identify and prevent, which attributes to the growing industry associated with this crime. There have been researchers who have examined the current data on human trafficking through literature reviews. Unfortunately, there will be limitations to this research because one cannot properly assess all cases of human trafficking; especially because there are many occurrences that go undetected. There have also been researchers who have linked human trafficking with particular criminological theories, in attempt to explain both why traffickers partake in this crime, and how individuals become victimized. This paper will examine 2 of the literature reviews completed, the limitations of those reviews, and 2 theories that may be used in explaining how one may become a victim and trafficker of human trafficking.

Human trafficking is an organized crime that undermines the rights of citizens and violates many laws. Because trafficking is threatening to the human population, human trafficking is a huge problem and has caused great controversy globally. Sexual exploitation has been reported as the most common form of human trafficking, making up 79 percent of offenses followed by forced labor at 18 percent. This form of trafficking has been determined the most serious form of organized crime because it results in victims being victimized multiple times (Dammer, 2011). Human trafficking is a transnational crime that has become a huge problem throughout the world. To completely understand the issues of human trafficking one must first understand which

Nothing drives emotions out the window more than hearing about innocent children being used for sex. In Cambodia, sex trafficking has grown into a troublesome issue. Sex trafficking has become one of the fastest growing crimes occurring internationally. It is the third largest crime-business in the world, after drugs and arms trafficking. Women, girls, and even men and boys are victims of the billion-dollar sex trafficking industry. Sex trafficking occurs everywhere, and it is not culturally specific, but a gender specific issue. There are numerous cases of sex trafficking within Cambodia, however child sex trafficking is extremely captivating and distressing to learn about.

In the second section of my essay, I will propose mandatory training of law enforcement officials in order to identify victims and ensure that they are not labeled as criminals. I will also emphasize the importance of increasing awareness about the issue of human trafficking among the general public to help rescue victims and prevent trafficking situations. I will explain how victims come into contact with people other than their traffickers but are often unable to directly ask for help. Frequently, women trapped in trafficking have a crippling fear of their trafficker and would not dare to brave the unknown of calling for help, even if

The findings of this research do not affect the practice of criminal justice in a significant way. The majority of the information and data provided is well known at this point. However, based on the information provided on risk factors of victims. Law enforcement personal can keep an eye out for certain characteristics displayed in people who come in contact with law enforcement. For example, it is estimated that at least once in their life time a trafficked victim will come across law enforcement. The information provided in this article can be useful for police so they can recognize when someone is a victim of human trafficking. Characteristics can be things such as physical markings on a person’s body.

Human trafficking is a growing endemic affecting an estimated 35.8 million men, women, and children around the world annually, as reported by the Global Slavery Index (GSI). The United States is not immune to this problem and has successfully identified 21,434 cases of human trafficking through the National Human Trafficking Resource Center Hotline since 2007. As with crimes of this nature we must imagine this information as an icebreaker: the 21,434 is the tip that we can prove exists, but it is estimated by the GSI that the numbers run much higher, at around 60,100 people.

In 2013, Konstantopoulos et al. performed a research study trying to determine how public health effects sex trafficking victims. The study consisted of interviews in eight different cities around the world. They interviewed 277 anti-trafficking stakeholders to look at sex trafficking at a local context. The authors looked at questions that consisted of: who is being trafficked, what causes these individuals to be trafficked and how does healthcare impact these individuals? The study was conducted through interviews that took around sixty minutes to conduct and the study lasted for twelve months. The cities that was included in the study consists of: Los Angeles, New York City, London, Salvador, Rio de Janeiro, Kolkata, Mumbai and Manila (Konstantopoulos,

The a wide range of sorts of human trafficking imply that there is no single, common casualty profile. Cases are found in all parts of the world and casualties are focused on independent of sexual orientation, age or foundation. Battling human trafficking ought not simply be viewed as the duty of the powers. Conventional individuals can handle the wrongdoing by monitoring it and by ensuring that the predicament of casualties does not go

In the article, “Human Trafficking | The Freedom Project”, the organization The Freedom Project informs the reader in what way people become victims of human trafficking. The article goes into more depth, breaking down on why escaping is so arduous because most victims are trafficked into other countries and do not know the language to ask for help, have their money and identification stolen. This article is helpful to my research because it states how someone can be driven to be trafficked. For instance, according to the article, “poverty is a major driver of the human trafficking industry” (“Human Trafficking | The Freedom Project”). I will use this information to elucidate on the causes of human trafficking. The information contained in

Both male and female have been reported to have been trafficking (Oram). Recent estimates suggest that approximately 20.9 million people are in situations of forced labor worldwide as a result of human trafficking (Oram). There are an estimated 27 million adults and 13 million children around the world who are victims of human trafficking (Oram). An estimated 30,000 victims of sex trafficking die each year from abuse, disease, torture, and neglect (Lehnardt). Human trafficking not only involves sex and labor, but people are also trafficking for organ harvesting (Lehnardt). In approximately 54% of human trafficking cases, the recruiter is a stranger, and in 46% of the cases, the recruiters know the victim. Fifty-two percent of human trafficking recruiters are men, 42% are women, and 6% are both men and women

Melanie Orhant, in an article published in the Population Reference Bureau (PRB), noted that victims of human trafficking are so vulnerable that, at times, assist in their vulnerability (Orhant, 2001). She states that immigration has been a major issue, forcing some countries to adopt stringent measures against immigration. As such, migrants seek the services of traffickers to assist them move across borders. They do it so unconsciously, adding on to their vulnerability. As such, the reason why human trafficking is rampant is due to the vulnerability of the victims. Besides being desperate to cross borders, potential victims are desperate for jobs or a better lifestyle. This leaves them prone to the methods used by human traffickers.

Individuals are not willing to argue that the exploitation of humans is a good thing, regardless of the amount it adds to the GDP of our nations. Rather, authors foremost describe how difficult it can be to accumulate accurate data. The human trafficking industry is a part of the shadow industry. This shadow industry accounts for 40% of national GDP in some of the poorest nations (Roberts and Wood.) Even the United Nations has said that to estimate a true number of the amount of victims in the human trafficking industry is a “statistical goal [that] may prove to be unachievable” (UNODC, 2006). Scholars are aware of the limited data available; however, some argue that exaggeration is not an issue, as long as attention is given to the pressing concern. Large international organizations do attempt to utilize their power and budget to collect data. For example, the International Labor Organization published a study on trans-national sex trafficking. The industry, like many shadow industries, is

“The global market of child trafficking is at over $12 billion a year with over 2 million child victims” (“Stop Child Trafficking Now” 1). This statement from the article “Stop Child Trafficking Now” describes how serious this crisis is nationwide. Child labor, illegal adoptions and child prostitution are the three forms child trafficking typically exists as (“Riverkids Project” 1). There has been a rising number of Cambodian children being trafficked for sexual exploitation and forced labor because of poverty, unemployment and lack of education; however organizations such as the Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative Against Trafficking (COMMIT) are trying to raise awareness of this crisis.