An Error Based Data Acquisition System Used For Carbon Mono Oxide And Nitrogen Oxide Monitoring

Beijing, China has a coal mining history of nearly 800 and some odd years. This has been a major air pollutant and the main reason for it is because its economy has grown substantially in the last 30 years. Worldwide, there are twenty cities with the highest, worst air pollution, sixteen of those cities are within China alone. The main causes of Beijing’s air pollution can be pointed to several factors. Large economical growth, an increase in vehicles on the roads, growth in population, and manufacturing. China has also experienced major economic growth with a large rise in Gross Domestic Product. This increase can be connected with pollution. Vehicles are just one contributor to pollution which we will discuss later in this paper.

Instrumentation is defined as the art and science of measurement and control which is considered as working with instruments used to measure, record, and control process variables (for examples, fluid level and flow, temperature, and pressure). Control and measurement systems are very widely used in the petroleum product (oil and gas) industries, chemical and fertilizer industry, the pulp and paper industry, power generation, food processing and several other complex process. Control systems have attained significant applications in automotive industrial processes for the improved productivity, conserved entry, and reduced pollution. Instrumentation and control systems continue to be an extremely important field of technology with the rapid growth of industrial sector.

It is possible for integrity recapitulate some characteristics of EIT system. There are two arrangements of the source and the data acquisition topologies in the multi-channel EIT systems (I) multi-source and multi-channel signal measurement structure where a single source and a signal measurement structure are embedded by an individual electrode. (II) single-source/ measurement or semi-parallel (a group of the paralleled single-source/measurement) is used to implement a multi-channel structure. A multiplexer structure is allocated the single source and the single measurement to different electrodes and provides the multiplexed structure for the multi-channel system.

Air pollution is the introduction of foreign products into the atmosphere that have negative effects on the environment and the living organisms. Air pollution dates to the quickly popularized creation of machinery back during the Industrial Revolution, mid-18th to19th century. When machines could do the work of multiple people, things such as clothes became cheaper. Textiles, mining, glass manufacturing and agriculture all went under drastic changes. People moved from small villages, where they learned to live the way their ancestors have, to industrialized towns. Factories provided jobs for the workers who produced their goods.

Air is the ocean we breathe. Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies to live. It is the most essential element for all living organisms and yet, most humans play a big role on polluting this essential resource and this means air pollution occurs. According to the Geoplanet.org, air pollution is the addition of harmful substances to the atmosphere resulting in damage to the environment, human health and quality of life. When the air contains gases, dust, fumes or odour in harmful amounts, this could be harmful to health or comfort of humans and animals or which could cause damage to plants and materials. The substances that cause air pollution are called as pollutants. Pollutants can be classified into two classes which are primary air pollutants and secondary air pollutants. The six common air pollutants are sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, lead and particulates. Air pollution happens due to many causes that come from many sources and of course, they will give bad impacts to all living things and environment.

In today’s modern world is heavily dependent on continuous and reliable power supply. Many of the industrial processes, manufacturing, production, repairing, maintenance and not to forget a whole city is heavily dependent on this continuous supply. It is a harsh reality to live in system without problems is next to impossible. This problems in general are called ‘faults’ in the power grid language.

Over the last decade, metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors have been very useful in the areas of pollutant monitoring, diagnosis, process control and personal safety. Most microelectronic devices use metal oxide semiconductor sensors because they are relatively cheap to produce. They are highly sensitive, and their small size made it applicable in several industrial fabrications. The functionality of semiconductor gas sensor is based on oxidation or reduction which are both function of conductivity or resistivity respectively. Overtime semiconductor gas sensors have been the best choice for gas detection.

“Principle and application of sensors” is a basic specialized course in science and engineering, with tightly correlated experiments. Currently, the commercial teaching instruments for sensors mainly include two types—one is the experimental system on the engine pedestal and the other is controlled by motor driver (in some products, the motor speed is controlled by a DSP controller). Both of these instruments can basically satisfy the measurement and controlling precision. In the first type of instrument, the sensor’s structure is invisible, and the engine’s operation during the signal measurement and reading easily wastes the resources, bringing environmental pollution; the latter type of instrument displays the sensor’s structure and working principle, but lacks the presentation of the relation between the signals of the two sensors during the engine’s operation [4].

The aim of this paper is, firstly, to recall the basic concepts of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems, and how

The main requirements of this project is to create a solution that is capable of detecting a change of air quality in a room(s) without a physical connection to the sensor and the web page host.

Supervisory Control and Data acquisition systems are abbreviated as SCADA systems which plays a vital role national critical infrastructures like oil and gas, water, Power distribution, waste management, transportation systems. Cardenas, Amin, Huang, Lin & Sastry 2011 mentioned that these systems are used in the weapon systems, transportation management and even in health –care devises.

The rise in urban transport also generates dust particles in the atmosphere. Cities with large numbers of cars or those that use great quantities of coal often suffer most severely from the problem. To make way factories and due to growing urbanization in various parts of the country, trees are cut down on a larger scale without any adequate efforts to plant new ones. This leads to deforestation, which also helps cause a rise in atmospheric pollution levels. The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is rising due to deforestation. Industry is another big contributor. Factories also emit substances that do not directly contribute to poor air quality, but combine with other elements to create air pollutants. A big source of air pollution from industry comes from volatile organic compounds, which are released into the atmosphere on a large scale. Consumers also contribute to air pollution. To use of many end products is obvious, such as driving a car. However, their constant consumption demands more industrial activity, which is compounds the release of air pollution into the atmosphere. Burning garbage is another practice that releases dangerous gases and dust. This contribute to global warming and pollution lakes, forests, oceans and cities.

The aim of this paper is to design a wireless sensor node using FPGA for fire monitoring and control. FPGA is used in the wireless sensor node design in order to enhance the processing capabilities of the system to meet the target applications. The sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network are normally microcontroller based which are having inadequate computational capacity related to various applications. This paper describes the selection, specification and comprehension of a wireless sensor node using the field programmable gate array (FPGA) based architecture for an early detection of hazards (e.g. smoke and fire). The FPGAs in its place are more proficient for complex computations in compare to microcontrollers. Another benefit of using FPGA is also due to its reconfigurable characteristic without changing the hardware itself. The node is implemented using Spartan 3A FPGA board from Xilinx. A design of simple hardware circuit with different type of fire sensors enables every user to use this wireless fire security system. The FPGA will constantly supervise all the sensors and if it senses any security trouble then the FPGA will send the information to the PC central monitoring station wirelessly using Zigbee technology. The system is based on the Lab VIEW software.

The Industrial Temperature Monitoring System fully automates temperature monitoring and recording. The system provides auditable records for effective temperature management. The unique alarm handling system provides the alarm duration,

Environmental pollution as a result of man’s increasing activities such as burning of fossil fuels and automobile exhaust emission has increased considerably in the past century due mainly to significant increases in economic activities and industrialization. Burning of fossil fuels and petroleum industry activities have be identified as primary sources of atmospheric metallic burden leading to environmental pollution. In the United States, the burning of fossil fuels to make electricity is the largest source of heat-trapping pollution, producing about two billion tons of CO2 every year. The second largest source of carbon pollution is the transportation sector, generates about 1.7 billion tons of CO2 emissions every year. Several studies have shown that heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, nickel, manganese and chromium amongst others are responsible for certain diseases. Hence more Advanced Emission Detection Methods is become more important for us to control the greenhouse gases and other pollution gases emit to the atmosphere.