An Essential Component Of Innate Immunity

Thank you Prianca for taking the time to share about the cytokines and their interaction in the inflammatory process of the Rheumatoid Arthritis. Indeed, the epidemiology incidence of Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is increasing every minute. Like you well explain above in your post, we have more than 1.3 million of people in the US affected with RA (Ruderman & Tambar, 2013) and 1 percent of the worldwide population is affected with RA (Lubberts & Berg, 2003). It seems like this epidemic is going to continue. 75 percent of that 1.3 million are women, and statistically, 1 of 3 women may get rheumatoid arthritis in their life. Rheumatoid arthritis can affect anybody at any age, but in most of the cases, the disease begins in the 40’s and 60’s (Ruderman & Tambar, 2013).

Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease that affects mostly joints, but can also spread to or affect vital organs such as the eyes, lungs, heart, and others. The disease is treatable to a degree, and if caught in early stages it can be easy to reduce inflammation and swelling in the afflicted areas. After reading this paper one should expect to better understand the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, causes of the disease, possible treatments, and ways to help prevent it. Nearly one and a half million (1,500,000) people in the United States are affected by rheumatoid arthritis, and three times as many women have the disease as men.

In vitro enzyme-inhibitory assay-guided fractionation of Polygonum hyrcanicum extract resulted in the purification of 13 phenolic compounds as the active constituents. Based on NMR data, the purified compounds of Polygonum hyrcanicum were identified as quercetin (1) [17], myricetin (2) [17], N-trans-caffeoyl-tyramine (3) [18], quercetin 3-O-α-L-(3",5"-diacetyl-arabinofuranoside) (4) [19], quercetin 3-O-α-L-(3"-acetyl-arabinofuranoside) (5) [20], myricetin 3-O-α-L-(3",5"-diacetyl-arabinofuranoside) (6) [21], (+) catechin (7) [22], (-) gallocatechin (8) [22], myricetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (9) [23], myricetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (myricitrin) (10) [23], quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (11) [24], myricetin 3-O-α-L-arabinofuranoside

This result implied that 500 mg and 100 mg of sunflower seed has no inflammatory effect on carageenan induced Edema. In table 3-a shows the ear thickness in Day 10 of the experimental animals. The observation and measurement of ear thickness after introducing carrageenan behind the right ear lasted for 10 day. The tenth day was the final measurement of ear thickness and was used to compare with the initial measurement of ear thickness before introducing edema. Treatment 1 had a mean ear thickness of .054 mm, followed by T3 with a mean of .068 and the least is in T2 with a mean

In the initial phase of an infection, the innate immune system generates a rapid inflammatory

Also it serves as a model for studies of mechanisms of chronic inflammation. In addition it is increasingly a first-choice disease indication for studies of new pathogenesis based therapeutic strategies. The relevance of cutaneous versus systemic factors, and the role of genetic versus environmental influences on disease initiation, progression, and response to therapy (Saurat et al., 2008).

Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea) is one of the nine species in the Asteraceae/Compositae family, related to the daisy. The North American origin gives insight to its first use in Native American herbal medicine. The plant is commonly used in minor respiratory infection remedies and labeled as a functional food for its properties in increasing antibodies when served in as an herbal drink or pill. Further analysis of this functional food will give light to the common sources, clinical description and side effects drawn from studies to date.

George Mackaness coined the concept of macrophage resistance and activation in the beginning of the 20th century. He showed that the “inactivation” of macrophages had a lot to do with the pathogen-host interaction. In other words, substances in their respective microenvironments could influence macrophages to attain a particular phenotype (7). This eventually becomes significant when studying cancer and the microenvironment associated with it. One of the most important milestones in the study of macrophages was the their identification as sources of cytokines.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease. The chronic inflammation they induced lead to severe joint swelling and damage2. It is more likely to strike on aged people and females3. In Australia, 400,000 people are suffering from it with different extent3-4. The mechanisms of the disease are well-studied. The synovium is the primary target of the immune system for RA patients. With white blood cells migrated in, the synovium membrane becomes thick and inflamed, which leads to undesired tissue growth3. Various chemical substances are released from the inflamed site and starts affecting surrounding tissues, such as cartilages and ligaments. In severe cases, they might even result in whole-body disorder2-4.

Moreover, previous study demonstrated that the effect of thymol, a natural monoterpene phenol primarily found in mandarin peel, on anti-inflammation not only comes from the expression of inflammatory cytokines but also from the iNOS and COX-2 pathway. The promising anti-inflammatory effect of thymol may involve in the inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways (26).

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease. The chronic inflammation they induced lead to severe joint swelling and damage2. It is more likely to strike on aged people and females3. In Australia, 400,000 people are suffering from it with different extent3-4. The mechanisms of the disease are well-studied. The synovium is the primary target of immune system for RA patients. With white blood cell migrated in, the synovium membrane become thick and inflamed, which leads to undesired tissue growth3. Various chemical substances are released from the inflamed site and starts affecting surrounding tissues, such as cartilages and ligaments. In severe cases, they might even result in whole-body disorder2-4.

It also antibacterial (Velikova et al., 2000), antifungal (Cotoras et al., 2004), antileishmanial (Santos et al., 2013), antiplasmodial (Batista et al., 2013), antisyphiliticus (Pereira et al., 2012), and anticariogenic (de Andrade et al., 2011) activities. It has also been isolated from other herbs such as Mikania glomerata (Vilegas et al., 1997), Copaifera langsdorffii (Costa-Lotufo et al., 2002), Sphagneticola trilobata (Mizokami et al., 2012), Pseudognaphalium vira vira (Cotoras et al., 2004), and several Annonaceae families (Cavalcanti et al., 2010; Guillope et al., 2011; Okoye et al., 2013; Oliveira et al., 2002). In spite of these therapeutic uses, kaurenoic acid had to be used carefully, because of its toxic effect. Costa-Lotufo et al. (2002) demonstrated its cytotoxic and embryotoxic effect by observing the embryonic cell of sea urchins and the hemolysis of mouse and human erythrocytes. Cavalcanti et al. (2010) identified its genotoxic and mutagenic effect in human leukocytes, yeast, and mice tissue cells.

A sample of people were selected and given a juvederm injection one of the nasolabial fold and followed for around 20 weeks. The same sample was injected with a bovine based collagen on the opposite nasolabial fold and followed for 20 weeks also. Juvederm Injection site reactions for all the patients were similar and lasted for a week. Swelling occurred in 80% of the patients, bruising in 60% and itching in 35%. The patients who maintained improvement with Juvederm at 4 weeks was 90% compared to the 40% with the bovine based collagen. The patients at the end of study showed a 90% preference to juvederm compared to a 10% preference to bovine based collagen. Out of the selected sample, 70% went back for the juvederm injections after 36 weeks, and 75% of the patients showed an improvement prior to administration of the juvederm dermal

Classical Bioprospection exhibited 100 herbals combining individual analysis of RA and S. typhimurium. The common plants based on clinical manifestation showed37 nutraceuticals common to both categories. This primary database is part of reviewing of literature thus, enlisted as probable nutraceuticals targeting pre-existing inflammatory disorder suffering from opportunistic infections (Table 2.4). The list of a plants rationale based selection of rheumatic and virulence factors targetingpathophysiologiyRA aggravated by the impact of MDR S. typhimuriumasshown in Table 4.1 and

Veterinary medicines are widely used to treat animals. Farmers supplement the animal feed with a wide range of compounds from number of therapeutic classes including antimicrobials, antiprotozoal, ecto and endo parasitic. They get metabolised and traces of their by-products are given out through faeces and urine of the animals which is mixed to the soil and eventually gets accumulated in the water bodies. Some of the medicines are aerosols and can cause effect through air. All these studies show that the use of therapeutic veterinary medicines causes effect on the ecosystem. Keeping in mind one of this global problem, the author has tried to focus on herbal remedies for such anthelmintic diseases especially in poultry birds. Herbal medicines or phytomedicines refers to using a plant’s seeds, berries, roots, leaves, bark or flowers for medicinal purposes. Herbal medicines have long traditional use rather than conventional medicine. Though it enters in the food chain but do not cause any harmful effect on the ecosystem. This study reveals the effect of anthelmintic activity of some of the medicinal plants on helminth parasite Raillietina from the poultry intestine.