An Experimental Animal Injected With Endotoxins

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) is a component of the membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that causes sepsis [20]. Bacterial toxins play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of sepsis and mechanisms of multiple organ system dysfunction. However, the literature illustrates that no single mediator/system/pathway/pathogen drives the pathophysiology of sepsis [21]. Current knowledge on sepsis pathogenesis [1, 22-26] includes infection development and interaction with the host before bacteria enter the bloodstream. Actually, the mechanisms of host defense in extravasal compartment (local immunity) is different from the mechanisms of intravasal (bloodstream) defenense because extravasal defense is provided mainly by leukocytes whereas intravasal cellular defense is fulfilled by erythrocytes. The humoral immunity events of pre-septic stage affect bacteremic (septic) stage and interfere with the study of sepsis “per se.” As a result, the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of some pivotal aspects of sepsis remain

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) statistics records the use of roughly 26 million animals per year for animal testing. These test reports in many cases are poor. Although animals were greatly used in the past the effects of treatments on animals and humans can’t be compared. The human body, reactions to toxins, and usefulness of treatments is different because we are different, “While animal’s maybe ‘whole models,’ states Dr. Aysha Akhtar, MD,” they are the wrong whole model because of interspecies differences.” Testing animals for human treatments should not continue to be practiced.

Not all bacteremias lead to sepsis. People have everyday bacteremia, particularly, from oral cavity, but sepsis develops rarely [27-31]. It occurs when the infection is resistant to host antibacterial defense. The latter is different in the bloodstream and tissues. If the infection develops locally (tissue, cavity, etc.) and then enters the bloodstream, there are two stages of sepsis: pre-septic (local) and septic (generalized). If infection enters the bloodstream directly from an external source (contaminated intravenous injection, bite, etc.), the pre-septic stage is absent. Local antibacterial defense is provided by phagocytosis (leukocytes and their local versions: resident macrophages), complement, NETs, etc., whereas in the bloodstream

Sepsis is a substantial health care condition. Jones et al. (2016) describes sepsis as the “11th leading cause of death in the United States ranking 10th in people 65 years of age and older” (p. 122). This impact of mortality from sepsis is devastating to many families in the United States. Facing the health care system also is the cost of septicemia. Septicemia was the most costly and most common reason for hospitalization, as reported by Jones et al (2016) “accounting for 1,094,000 hospital stays and $20.3 billion in aggregated hospital costs, the average cost for an admission for sepsis at $18,600” (p. 122).

Patients diagnosed with sever sepsis have a 20-30% chance of death, whilst those diagnosed with septic shock have an even higher percentage of death at 40 – 70% (Lever, Mackenzie, 2007) Research into sepsis has found that up to 50 people in a small population of 100000 will die of sepsis. (Dombrovskiy VY, Martin AA, Sunderram J, Paz HL, 2007) In 2016 sepsis is one of the top killers ranked to be in the top 10 causes of death (Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M 2003)

Sepsis and Septic Shock have been my personal topic after the life of young Kamil Williams and a 31-year-old Texas man who both contacted a bacterial infection later turn into sepsis. Although I have not formally studied it during my school or university years, I still find the human body, how it can break down and react to certain ailments interesting. The next question would be why does this happen? Well when there is infection or insult upon the body’s immune system normal reacts and causing an inflammatory response. This normally a good thing and it promotes healing and the resolution of the insult, however in Septic Shock the inflammatory response comes explosive and uncontrollable. According to Allison Hotujec, the author of “Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Protocols,” Sepsis has been called a “malignant intravascular inflammation.” The term malignant is because it is uncontrolled unregulated and self-perpetuating, in the usual immune response here is release of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, these balance to promote tissue

Before that the animal can be seen drooling or frothing at the mouth says The Merck Veterinary Manual. A quickening heart that becomes weaker, the muscles will have tremors and spasms, the last spasm is characterized by an arched back with the head tipped back and heels bent backward (in humans it is the stereotypical movie position for exorcisms, the scientific name is opisthotonos). Like any animal they try and fight going down till the very end because it means the struggle for life is almost over, so they can be seen struggling and staggering trying not to fall, but eventually lose the battle because they have little oxygen left in their tissues to keep the tissue living and supporting their weight. For the livestock that have been poisoned it is not a quick and painless death because it can take up to 45 minutes to suffocate pretty much. In my first three sources each one said that the mucous membranes (“a thin, wet layer of skin that is inside some parts of the body (such as the nose and throat) and that produces mucus”-Merriam-Webster), would become bright cherry red which is a signal that cyanide is present. The heart

Kleinpell states, “Septic shock is the result of an overwhelming infection, leading to hypotension, altered coagulation, inflammation, impaired circulation at a cellular level, anaerobic metabolism, changes in mental status and multiple organ failure (as sited in Garretson & Malberti, Ignatavicius and Workman (2009), “sepsis is a widespread infection coupled with a more general criteria: body temperature higher than 380C or lower than 360C, heart rate greater than 90 beats per minute, respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths per minutes, and WBC count greater than 12,000/mm or lower than 4,000/mm or with more than 10% bands (Spaniol, Knight, Zebley, Anderson, Pierce, 2007). Endotoxins from gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, can precipitate the common progression of events leading to septic shock. A patient experiencing SIRS is at risk for organ failure (severe sepsis), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and death. This paper will outline the details surrounding this condition, from a nursing standpoint.

According to the authors, Bernstein & Lynn (2013), “A common and devastating condition, sepsis has significant healthcare implication worldwide.” The authors elaborate on the different types of sepsis and the complications that arise from them along with the pathophysiology and risk factors. Bernstein and Lynn emphasized the importance of a proper nursing assessments, recognition of septic progression and nursing interventions.

As the movie went on, Dr. Banting and Best start in the laboratory, along side Dr. Henderson. Best got the materials contaminated while trying to work alongside Dr. Banting. As that got out of hand, Best turned his attitude around, cleaned the lab, and then Banting and Best finally found an injection for the dogs. After the first mixture was together, the dog they tested actually died within the hour of the injection. Although the dog died, the Dr. Banting said the death was caused by infection rather than the injection itself. After they practiced and fixed the injection,

Severe sepsis and septic shock are major healthcare complications that affect millions of individuals worldwide each year, killing approximately one in four and is growing in incidence. Similar to acute myocardial infarction or stroke, the quickness of appropriate treatment administration, especially in the initial hours after severe sepsis development, is crucial and will most likely influence the patient’s outcome (Dellinger, et al., 2013, p. 583).

Marked alterations in cardiopulmonary function, leukocytes and thrombocytopenia lead to coagulopathies, increased vascular permeability and decreased organ blood flow and metabolism. This leads to decreased gastrointestinal motility, decreased perfusion of peripheral tissues and consequently shock (Stadler and Van,1989). Endotoxemia is one of the main causes of death in horses affected with gastrointestinal disease due to a physical obstruction causing strangulation and ischemic necrosis (Burrows,1981). Enterotoxins exert their effects on the mucosa of the intestine, causing disturbances of fluid and electrolytes. The enterotoxigenic E. coli causes hypersecretory diarrhoea. The important bacterial exotoxins are those produced by Clostridium spp. They may be ingested preformed, as in botulism, or produced in large quantities by heavy growth in the intestines, such as Clostridium defficile enterocolitis in horses.

Sepsis is a phenomena that is commonly seen in the acute and critical care setting. Sepsis is defined by the Global Sepsis Alliance ([GSA]; n.d.) as “the body's overwhelming and life-threatening response to infection which can lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and death” (Global Sepsis Alliance [GSA], n.d., para. 1). Severe sepsis and septic shock are major healthcare complications that affect millions of individuals each year, worldwide. Dellinger et al. (2013) states that sepsis causes one in four deaths and is growing in incidence (p. 583). The GSA (n.d.) states that 258,000 Americans are killed each year from sepsis-related deaths.

Septicemia is the 10th leading cause of death and has been around for many years. Like any disease, there are common symptoms and treatments, but the real cause and right solution may not be known for a long time. Septicemia has been around but only recently have clinical definitions come about. The people who are at more risk of Sepsis (another name for Septicemia) are people with weak immune systems, such as the elderly, people with diseases such as AIDS or people with cancer. Newborns are at risk as well as people who have just undergone a medical procedure.

Humans weren't the only ones which were effected by this syndrome. What were once battle fields for the Gulf War, were later used for agricultural purposes. Sheep particularly were raised in these areas. Many sheep died mysteriously, and other sheep became very sick. To prevent more sick sheep, agricultural organophosphates are carefully established on the known degree of toxicity of each compound. The organophosphorous used is Bayer 21/99, which is a popular compound that inhibits treated animals from the skin and digestive tract. Sheep are also more susceptible to poisoning then cattle and most other emaciated animals. Pre-treatment consisted of weighing, ear tagging, and the collection of blood samples for a baseline red cell count. It is shown that animals which have been treated have a much higher tolerance to poisons and a less likely to have more ailments. Symptoms include: Irregular gait with generalized muscular weakness and severe diarrhea. Slight increase in salivation and isolated diarrhea. Irregular gait with generalized muscular weakness and severe diarrhea.