The article written by Javier Cuenca Esteban, “The British balance of payments, 1772-1820: India transfers and war finance” focuses on the British ability to finance the wars with Napoleonic France. Esteban challenges the academic state of debate regarding the importance of exports on British Industrialization by pointing out that he believes without the exports from India, Britain would have struggled to finance her wars with France and may have never become the incubator of Industrialization. His argument comes back to the numbers he presents projecting the gap between foreign indebtedness actual and counterfactual would increase from 1802 to 1815 by over ninety million British pound sterling. The significant increase in debt was …show more content…
Esteban sets the value of his calculations by creating an average of pre-existing calculations for the earliest time frame of 1772-1775 of net British debts. He relies mainly on figures derived from Walter Nash and Albert H. Imlah, both of which are Economic British Historians. The author then begins to advance each line according to their own specific histories. For instance he takes into account the raise of tariffs on certain products such as tobacco that would affect the quantity of illegal imports, thus affecting the real credit value. The author also goes into great detail to compensate for the stated inaccuracies of some numbers, by showing how numbers counter-balance one another to give an accurate final account of net credits. In the appendix he goes into great depth to explain each category as well as giving a price evidence for numerous specific commodities traded between Britain and India during this time period.
Esteban concludes with acknowledging the weaker values for some of the credits. He makes it clear the entire process of the time period moving from mercantilism to industrialization within the time frame and the wars with France created extremely complex range of scenarios to explain the balance of payments. He points out research in the areas of wealthy immigrants’ transfers and net incomes, as well as capital flow from the British West Indies remain particularly difficult to quantify. This gap in
The French and Indian war left immense debt to the British empire, altering the economic relationship between Britain and its American colonies when Britain started applying mercantilism to the colonies to gather revenue. The British Order who are
The Seven Years War severely affected the economic relationship between Britain and the colonies, because Britain imposed mercantilist regulations and levied taxes in order to have the colonists pay for Britain’s war debt. In the time before the seven years war the colonies went through a period of salutary neglect where economic and trade regulations were extremely
I believe that the colonies shouldn’t pay for Britain’s economy drop from the French & Indian War because it is very unreasonable that the colonists who were in the brunt of battle must suffer even more just because the mother country is in debt. In contrast, others may believe that the British should be taxing the colonists more because there is nobody else to make up for this loss of money and the colonists should pay their share of the debt anyway. In document one, lines 6-9, written through the eyes of a member of the British Parliament, it displays that the British already pay their taxes and raising that would be unfair. The British already spent so much on this war and the colonies are the one who benefited since they were clear of threats
A British merchant, Ralph Fitch describes trade conducted by the Portuguese a great advantage in China since it reveals the mercantilist rivalries among European countries competing for East Asian trade dominance (Document 4). The purpose of this document is to show that a British merchant is concerned that Britain is missing out on opportunities to profit from global trade. Britain could make a great deal of money to be made in this trade if they could participate. This explains that the British want to have the world trade dominance. Eventually the Europeans became reluctant to continue shipping so much silver to East Asia. This is largely because they preferred to hoard the silver so that they could use it to pay mercenaries in their ongoing wars. An English scholar, Charles D’Avenant shows the English position on trade in 1697 that the global flow of silver’s influence on the mercantilist tendencies of European nations and the amount of silver leaving (Document 8). The purpose of this document is to show that D’Avenant concedes that there are problems with the Asian textile trade that the imported items have little use for people in Britain. Also that D’Avenant points out that Asia do not buy anything from the Europeans. This shows that silver might be leaving the country to be “buried” in China since the large demand for luxury goods. From 1500 to 1800, Mexico and Peru produced about
After winning the French and Indian war, Great Britain’s economy entered economic downturn, causing great strain on the ruling power.
The central pillar of the British economy during its colonial period was its extensive trading power. Any threat to this power would have to be remedied sooner than later. For this exact reason the Currency Act of 1764 was birthed. In spirit the Currency Act of 1764 was intended for the betterment of British commerce. However, in actuality the Currency Act of 1764 had a negative impact on the lives of British colonial residents.
According to Dr. Lalvani, “Both Nations benefited from the trade links” (Paragraph #10). While this is true, Document 6 states that there was barely any woven cotton exported to Britain. The evidence shows that there was not a fair trading system between the countries, the British gaining an unfair amount the tradable resources, leading to more money. In addition to Dr. Lalvani, “British worked to preserve the environment and animals in India” (Paragraph #17). On the other hand, Document 7 illustrates that “Cash crops like indigo, cotton, and tobacco as they were very profitable crops for them but it totally degraded the farmland and made it unfit for growing other crops”( Doc # 7). With this evidence, it proves that the British used India’s land to gain revenue, while destroying the farmland in the process, making the Indian’s barely able to grow crops for themselves, leaving them starving and to
Just after the French and Indian War, Great Britain was at the top of the world, broke. The war had taken almost
The pharmacy, pharmacists, and the technicians are screaming, “Out with the old, in with new!” It is time for an upgrade to make things go more smoothly, save time and any types of errors in the prescription, which saves the pharmacy, pharmacists, and technicians time as well, and who wouldn’t want to save money!? The pharmacies future is progressing to make these goals come true. Today, tomorrow, and every day after that, they will forever try to improve our future goals and make sure the pharmacies future will be content and secure, for all of our patients and employees.
From a British economic standpoint, the French and Indian War, in addition to the Seven Years War, plunged them further and further into a seemingly endless mountain of debt. Profits and taxes were insufficient to keep the country afloat: “[the] revenue…is small and inconsiderable…” (Document F). This caused Britain to heavily tax its own citizens. The British citizens saw no justice in this, as they centered on the fact that their tax money was paying for American wars and military. The military
(Devore, Lecture #3.) Even though most of the credit was issued from England, it allowed the colonists to buy more things and further strengthen and enhance the cohesiveness of the colonies. By this time the colonies had already well established external trade relationships with both the Indians and other countries. One of their major trade partners was the West Indies, where the colonists procured molasses from which they made rum. (Devore, Lecture #3.) All of these economic developments – consumerism amongst the colonies, Anglicizing of the colonies, the newfound availability and use of credit and the abundance of external trade – play a major role in the reasons that lead up to the American Revolution.
The exploitation and pillage of the West Indies and the Americas, and that of Africa by means of the slave trade, and finally, the discovery by Europeans of the sea route to the Far East and India, led to a rapid growth in world trade by the 16th century. The vital role of India and the Far East in generating the system of British industrial capitalism and capital accumulation in Britain is undeniable. In that role, were great monopolistic chartered trading corporations that emerged in England during 16th and 17th century, such as the Baltic Company and the Levant Company? The greatest of which was the East India Company, which conquered and had rule over India.
As a seventeen year old who is currently in between jobs (I’m only babysitting for a family two or three times a month), I do not have to travel very often or very far. It is because of this that I typically only travel to five different locations from my home. On the nights that I am babysitting, I travel 18 miles to the family’s home. I also travel to the local farmer’s market, which is only one mile away, the gym (6.5 miles away), church (18 miles), and to the movies (6 miles). In order to get to these places I drive the family car, which is a 2007 KIA Sportage and it is an efficient means of transportation.
The French and Indian War set the stage for future events that no one could ever have imagined. The economic practice of mercantilism, which insured profit only to the mother country was the accepted practice between England and her colonies. As long as these economic policies were met, England left much of the day to day governing of the colonies up to the colonies. It was this "salutory neglect" that ultimately led to the ideological differences between England and the colonies. England won the war, but it paid a great price for that victory. England was bankrupted, and as a result had no choice but to look to her colonies to regain financial stability. The pressures of taxation and naval restrictions imposed by the crown and Parliament,
From: Romesh Dutt, The Economic History of India Under Early British Rule Englishmen…have given the people of India the greatest human blessing – peace. They have introduced Western education. This has brought an ancient and civilized nation in touch with modern thought, modern sciences and modern life. They have built an administration that is strong and efficient. They have framed wise laws and have established courts of justice.