An Exploratory Case Study

S.R is a 69-year old man who presents to the clinic because his “wife complains that his snoring is difficult to live with.”

The 1980s and early 90s were home to an extreme wave of criminal activity that swept across much of the country. The dramatic uptick in crime can largely be attributed to the spread of the crack-cocaine epidemic and subsequent “War on Drugs.” New York City, for example, suffered from 2,605 murders and 208,813 burglaries in 1990, at the height of the violence . Much of this criminal activity centered around and affected the poorest individuals in those communities – which often included minorities.

Crime is something that happens every day. Many people fear it, but it is a factor that people cannot escape. In places, like Detroit, people are surrounded by violent crime. Either they are the victims of it, or the committers, but it was not always like this. During the sixties, Detroit was one of the most lucrative cities in the country. Many people moved there to seek jobs in the automotive factories which increased the population to 1.85 million. (Padnani, 2013) However, this is not the case now. Many of the factories have moved, putting people and their families at a disadvantage. A numerous amount of workers relied on these jobs to feed their families. Since then, Detroit has faced a significant amount of hardships that has caused the city to deteriorate effecting education, employment, and the crime rate each factor acts as a chain reaction. The lack of diversity in the city can be a factor of the crime rate as well because Detroit is filled with a large population of minorities. Many politicians have looked for ways to solve the problem, but nothing has been proven to work.

This type of research is very valuable. This type of research is the most accurate and best way to fully understand the virus. It may be time consuming but it is the best way to study the virus.

Urban centers throughout the United States of America and the world have experienced violence within the inner city communities. Many of the inner city communities are low-income and are poverty stricken. The spread of gang membership within the communities has influenced many young adolescents. Activities such as drug dealing, theft, assaults, and murders drive law enforcement to prevent crime. The justice system is also being changed due to the increase in minor violence. One of the reasons is due to people being part of minority groups. The charges pushed by the judicial

Since the 1950s everyone in America has known of the major problem plaguing southern and western Chicago streets: extreme amounts unnecessary of violence. This topic has become even more publicly known with the recent presidential election between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton, where Trump spoke about the violence on multiple occasions as well as taking the topic to twitter a few times (Chicago Still Isn’t). Also, the number of murders, homicides, and other regular crimes all increased dramatically in 2016, breaking almost all statistics from previous years. Even though the violence does create jobs in the police force, the violence needs to be

Chicago is facing a serious problem. Over this year 's Fourth of July Weekend, eighty four people were shot resulting in fourteen deaths. After this violent weekend, Mayor Rahm Emmanuel nearly called for total martial law, calling upon United States Military 's support to help protect Chicago 's citizens and patrol Chicacgo 's streets. So far in 2015, over 2,300 people have been shot in the city of Chicago, and it is only a matter of days until the death toll surpasses four hundred on the year. There are a number of factors that contribute to this inflated level of violent crime. Some would point to loose gun restrictions, others to gang fragmentation. I believe the most influential factor leading to these high rates of crime in certain

African Americans have been associated with crime for many years, and because of that, the stigma follows them everywhere. There are plenty of neighborhoods with a lot of African Americans that have high crime rates, but these neighborhoods also have “pronounced levels of socioeconomic disadvantages”(Laurence 1). It is argued that African American neighborhoods have the “highest average levels of disadvantaged social conditions owing to the role of race in structuring opportunity and community access"(Krivo and Peterson qtd. in Laurence). Some researchers focus on this point, while others find that although these neighborhoods are more disadvantaged, there may be other reasons for high crime rate in the

The rise in illegal immigrants crossing the border has also fueled gang violence. Young illegal immigrants are increasing being recruited by the notorious MS-13 gang (Bandler). This has resulted in increasing crime rates in the Washington D.C. area (Bandler). Maryland has experienced an unprecedented rise in criminal gang activity in 2016 (Bandler). Illegal immigrants were found to be responsible for 85% of these crimes (Bandler).

Accordingly, general consensus portrays inner cities (i.e. generally poor black neighborhoods), as the apparatus of crime. In this view, crime emanates from the poor, and so generates an environment “credible fear” that intensifies racism and frantic search for solutions in the form of draconian laws (e.g., “zero tolerance,” & “War on Drugs” policies) that target the underclass and serve to advance formal social control via prisons. Destitute minorities, disproportionately black and Latino, therefore, are convicted and

Unfortunately, even though the gangs were a force for good during the riots, it has not subdued the crime that followed in the riots aftermath. Because of the police being leery of sanctions against them for perceived police brutality, crime has risen to a 15 year high in Baltimore. This appears to have to do with the criminal element realizing the caution of the police and the police themselves afraid of incarceration due to misconduct (Sanburn, 2015).

Participation in fitness and social activities are key determinants of successful aging and enables older adults to stay in their homes and be integrated into the community. Although meeting participation needs involves older adults, their caregivers and healthcare providers, little is known about their respective viewpoints. This study thus explored the perceived, met and unmet participation needs of older adults having disabilities as seen by the older adults themselves, their caregivers and healthcare providers. A qualitative multiple case study consisted of conducting 33 semi-structured interviews in eleven triads, each composed of an older adult, his/her caregiver and a healthcare provider recruited in community health settings

The communities were not only in urban populations, there were reports from rural Sheriff Departments of gang that would publicly acknowledge themselves. This is a very concerning truth to people who live in rural areas, the spread of gangs brings drugs and violence to once safe communities. In a 2009 ABC News article, up to one million gang members are to blame for eighty percent (80%) of crime in the United States [3]. In a 2008 speech given by Former FBI Director Robert Muller said "Chicago law enforcement estimates there are at least 60,000 gang members in the community -- far outnumbering police officers. There are hundreds of homicides each year, the majority of which are gang-related." [3]. The realization of criminal organization and gang’s outnumbering law enforcement is a scary thought, how do law enforcement agencies stop a problem when there are more criminals than officers. Through community outreach programs, and by citizens alerting law enforcement to possible gang or other criminal organization activities the public can help stop the spread of drug trafficking, drug related violence, and the spread of gangs and other criminal organizations into their communities.

According to a New York Amsterdam News article, Poverty, not race, tied to high crime in urban communities, “The violent crime rate in highly disadvantaged Black areas was 22 per 1,000 residents, not much different from the 20 per 1,000 rate in similar white communities” (Unknown 1997). While there is a slight influx of criminal activity form American majorities to American minorities, the question of why this is so must be asked. The New York Amsterdam News article helps to provide an explanation for the fluctuation. As far back as the 1980’s, researchers have repetitively return to idea and

Crime data came from local police agencies for the FBI's Part I crimes (i.e., homicide, rape, aggravated assaulted assaults, robbery, burglary, larceny, auto theft, and arson) for February through July 1998. Additional data came from computerized crime mapping. Results in both cities revealed that black female residents of public housing were at a much higher risk of aggravated assault than were black and white women who lived elsewhere in the same jurisdiction. However, the geographic pattern for aggravated assaults for black female public housing residents differed markedly in the two cities. The analysis used the perspective of situational crime prevention to attribute the differences in victimization patterns to the different architectural design and geographic dispersion of the respective cities’ public housing developments. (Holzman, Hyatt, & Dempster, 2001)