An Injectable, Amide Group Local Anaesthetic Drug ( Class )

According to surveys, up to 80% of patients reported moderate to severe post-surgical pain, which can sometimes be left undertreated (Sinatra et al., 2005). Postoperative pain is generally managed with opioids, which carry numerous side effects. Side effects can be bothersome and possibly cause a delay in the postoperative healing process (Beard, Leslie, & Nemeth, 2011). IV acetaminophen can possibly decrease opioid consumption, minimize side effects, increase patient satisfaction, and decrease costs (Wininger et al., 2010). The purpose of this paper is to dive further into the research to present data on the effectiveness of IV acetaminophen in decreasing opioid usage and whether it produces an additive effect causing more effective pain management in the postop patient.

Although she finds it mildly beneficial, she complained of intense gastric pain while taking ibuprofen. Heather is wary of supplementing with any form of acetaminophen as she felt “loopy,” at one instance which she did not attribute to any other underlying cause (i.e. fever, medication). Heather also has an aversion to opiates, as she does not tolerate the euphoria and confusion while being on them. The option of bupivicaine +/- corticosteroid was presented to treat her SI join pain and to produce a NSAID sparing effect. However, she is afraid of needles therefore this option was not pursued. Rather a trial of Tramadol immediate release, at a dose of 25-50 mg PO at bedtime was provided to Heather. Her SI joint pain was reduced by 30% (9/10 to 6/10) within 30 minutes of starting Tramadol, without any noticeable side effects. There was no effect on her chronic daily headache pain. She started taking tramadol immediate release around the clock, and wore off after 4 hours. Therefore a prescription for Zytram XL (Tramadol CR) was provided to decrease her baseline pain and address end of dose pain. In addition to she was provided an additional repeat of immediate release tramadol for breakthrough pain. Lastly she discontinued use of ibuprofen as her pain relief from Tramadol was

Levobupivacaine is the S(−)-enantiomer of racemic bupivacaine; it has less cardiotoxicity compared with bupivacaine,1, 2 and its pharmacology and duration of anesthesia are similar to those of bupivacaine.2

Narcan (generic name- naloxone hydrochloride) is used for the emergency treatment of suspected opioid overdose. It can be administered intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), or subcutaneous (SQ). Pharmacodynamics: Narcan acts on opioid receptors by blocking the opioid from binding. By doing this, it reverses most of the effects of opioid agonists including respiratory depression, coma, and analgesia. When administered in the absence of opioids, Narcan has no significant effects. If administered prior to giving an opioid, Narcan will block opioid actions. If administered to a patient who is already receiving opioids, Narcan will reverse analgesia, sedation, euphoria, and respiratory depression. If administered to an individual who is physically

Epidural anesthesia may be done to numb the area above or below the injection. It is often used during childbirth and after major abdominal or chest surgery. It takes 10–20 minutes to begin working.

PRACTICAL REPORT ON THE ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CODEINE AND PARACETAMOLPRACTICAL REPORT ON THE ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CODEINE AND PARACETAMOL

B. A 1ml graduated volumetric pipet is the best to use if you want 0.15 ml of reactant

The most common use is for cough syrup (4). There are many controversies surrounding the topic of codeine, including using an alternative for post-surgery recovery (6). However, when studies were done, it was found that the effects of codeine when compared to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs containing caffeine were significantly more effective in reducing pain. Although, after 3 days, caffeine was found to reduce more swelling (6). Therefore codeine is more efficient for reducing pain because the opioid painkillers act like endorphins, natural pain-reducing chemicals, found in the brain and spinal cord (6). Codeine can be found in liquid form in cough syrups or in solid form as painkiller

It can be administered alone or part of a multi-disciplinary approach in relieving symptoms. It delivers pain-relieving medication directly to the source of pain in musculoskeletal pain conditions and their effects are often immediate and long lasting. They are often used to reduce opioid side effects or gain better analgesic efficacy. However, serious complications have been reported in the literature. The Closed Claims Project Database has reported 284 chronic pain management claims were reported between 1970 and 2000; 96% of the claims were related to interventional pain management techniques (10). Seventy-eight percent of these were related to nerve blocks and injections. Paraplegia or quadriplegia, epidural abscess, chemical injury from spinal cord injections, epidural hematoma, even more alarming death and brain damage were some of the reported complications; most commonly reported was pneumothorax and spinal cord nerve injury

Multimodal pain management strategy using liposomal bupivacaine (EXPERAL) in Knee Arthroplasty for better postsurgical analgesic outcome and economic benefits.

Many of these drugs are used temporarily to “reset one’s pain control” and are not necessary for long term use. Wallace, D. J. & Wallace, J.B., (2002)

Within this experiment we were to analyze four difference analgesic drugs and compare them to different components to see which drug contained what. The components that were used for comparison are Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), Acetaminophen (Ace), Ibuprofen (Ibu), and Caffeine (Caf). The components all have different levels of polarity. To determine the level of polarity before the experiment even starts can be done by looking at the functional groups. The structures can be found under objectives in the carbon copies with the visual representation of what will be said. After observing each structure and determining the functional groups it can be said that caffeine is the most polar out of all of them. This is because it has two carbonyl groups and four amine groups.

All chemical compounds were from analytical grade. 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) & urethane were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, product of China; SB-334867 from Tocris Bioscience Co, UK; dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) from Applichem Gmbh, Germany; Ketamine 10% and Xylazine 2% from Alfasan Co, Holland and diazepam from Caspian Tamin pharmaceutical Co. Rasht, Iran. Diazepam and 4-AP (fresh preparation) were diluted in saline. SB-334867 was dissolved in DMSO at final concentration of 4mM; aliquots of SB-334867 were kept in -20° C until use

The prescription do not always comply with all legal requirements, i.e. dated and signed and handwriting in not always legible,

Pitakanen et al (1992) in a study evaluated the effect of adding fentanyl to prilocaine for IVRA and reported no significant benefit on duration of postoperative analgesia [10].