An Internal Central Intelligence Agency

     The CIA is one of the U.S. foreign inteligency agencies, responsible for getting and analyzing information about foreign government, corporations, individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. government. The State Department's Bureau or inteligence and reserch and theDefense Department'sdefense inteligence agency comprise the other two. Its headquarters is inLangley, Virginia, across the Potomac River from D.C. The Agency, created in 1947 by President Harry S. Trueman, is a descendant of the Office of stratigic Services(OSS) of World War 2. The OSS was dissolved in October 1945 but

In the intelligence community, there are some collection challenges, redundancy is one of the issues always to be mentioned. Redundancy can affect the core of the intelligence work ethics, resources management, budging, work force, future planning, and development methods. Also, the capability of the intelligence agencies and departments to predict attacks, analyze the indications and warning (I&W). The congress oversight of the intelligence community and the operations of the sixteen agencies imbedded in the community, to regulate the funds and allocate proper budget, also to monitor that the rights of US person are not violated in any collection method.

While the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is one, centralized agency, securing the homeland involves the cooperation and collaboration of many, different agencies and organizations ranging from local law enforcement to national agencies such as the NSA, CIA, and FBI. Each of these agencies contributes to the development of homeland security intelligence. By carefully analyzing and commenting on the objectives, tasks, strengths, weaknesses, and roles of each agency, a larger picture emerges regarding the capabilities and limitation of intelligence in supporting homeland security efforts.

Counterintelligence is one of the most vital areas of the United States intelligence system, and is heavily intertwined with our history, laws and ethics. According to the National Security Act of 1947, counterintelligence (CI) is defined as “information gathered and activities conducted to protect against espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted by or on behalf of foreign governments or elements thereof, foreign organizations or foreign persons, or international terrorist activities.” It consists of five activities and functions: operations, investigations, collection, analysis and production, and functional services. In this aspect, CI is unique in that it is both an activity and its product. U.S. intelligence agencies, including the National Security Agency (NSA) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) collect and analyze both CI information and foreign intelligence. There are many counterintelligence activities that the United States is involved in, as both CI and foreign intelligence play an important role in countering threats to our country’s national security. Among these most controversial and misunderstood activities are counterespionage and disinformation.

The other two main intelligence agencies are the FBI and NSA. The FBI is more concerned with domestic for the United States issues, whereas the NSA is more specialized in the gathering and analysis of information, which was exemplified with the surveillance scandal couple of years ago.

The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks was among the agencies that associated the 9/11 attacks with lack of coordination among agencies (Best, 2015). This prompted the Congress to enact a legislation that established a centralized intelligence leadership, popular as the Director of National Intelligence (DNI). However, the legislation only helped to increase tension between different agencies, especially on how to approach funding. The legislation was not clear regarding the boundaries between the activities of the DNI, and their interaction with the mainstream intelligence agencies. The congress debated these concerns and later established the framework for the working of the DNI and relationship with different intelligence agencies. Most importantly, this legislation focused on one element of reorganization, which was enhancing coordination of activities between different

land but on our U.S. military overseas as well; although the terrorist attack on September 11, 2011 was the most significant event ever in history of terrorism (Clarke). According to Against All Enemies written by Richard A. Clarke, a primary and reliable source, before the major event had occurred, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and FBI were heavily involved in fighting foreign attacks operated by Al Qaeda and Osama Bin Laden in which they did not know at the time were the culprits for all the terrorist violence (Clarke). The main reason why this extraordinary attack happened was because of miscommunication between CIA and FBI; the CIA knew beforehand that Al Qaeda was involved way before, but decided not to inform anyone, not even the FBI (Clarke). If the FBI learned of this earlier, the agency could have prevented the attack by targeting the mastermind of Al Qaeda Osama Bin Laden early on. Because of 9/11, the FBI pursues changes strategically, informatively, and financially. They sought advice from the National Commission of Terrorist Attacks Upon The United States (Commission), and the Commission gave several valuable recommendations to how the FBI should change their approaches to terrorism (FBI Responds…). The agency took in suggestions and applied them to today; members will specialize in one of the four program areas – Intelligence, Counterterrorism/Counterintelligence, Cyber, or Criminal; recruiting, hiring, and retaining of Intelligence Analysts, including having experience and expertise, foreign language, and technology; formation of team to handle national security intelligence operations; and emphasis on detailed reporting from FBI to Congress (FBI Responds…). All of these changes will greatly affect the way FBI combats terrorism. Compared to the past, FBI now does more than just preventing violations of laws, but protects the U.S. through internal improvement and focuses on many factors that

Providing for the common defense means that the United States government must preserve the rights, freedom, and safety of the nation as a whole. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) fulfills this goal, as the agency collects, analyzes, and processes information at an international level and utilizes the data to further bolster our nation’s intelligence and security against foreign countries. Without the CIA, we would not be able to be one of the strongest nations on the planet.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the United States of America domestic security and intelligence which also serves as the federal government’s law enforcement agency. Working under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Justice, the FBI simultaneously considered as part of the US intelligence community, comprises of many other federal and state agencies and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. The agency performs a leading role in counterintelligence, counterterrorism, and criminal investigative roles making it have jurisdictions of over 200 categories of federal crime. Even though most of FBI’s roles are domestic and limited to crimes within the US borders, it is equivalent to intelligence

Of all the governmantal protective services there are two that stand out among others. They are filled with secrets and mystery. Many do not even know the differences of the two. However when it comes to the country's security, there are none better. Though they may seem alike, the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) and the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) are very different.

Intelligence deals with the process in which specific types of information has been collected, analyzed, refined and provided to the policy makers, so that it will be useful to them in decisions making about potential threats to national security and homeland security (Lowenthal, 2014, p. 10). U.S Government has been benefiting from Intelligence information since the beginning of the country, despite the fact that many people thought that U.S intelligence emanated as a result of cold war (Federation of American Scientists, 1996). For instance, the Office of Naval Intelligence was created in March 1882 followed by the formation of the Military Intelligence Division three years later, charged to collect foreign and domestic military data (Federation of American Scientists, 1996). Other intelligence units in the early republic include the first U.S. Army signals intelligence ("MI-8) formed in 1917; the Justice Department 's Bureau of Investigation created in 1908.

Counterintelligence (CI) involves actions aimed at protecting the United States against foreign intelligence operations and espionage from penetration and disruption by hostile nations or their intelligence services (Lowenthal, 2014). Three main components of Counterintelligence include collection, defensive and offensive. Collection is ability to gather intelligence information about rivalry capabilities against own nation; defensive part of CI involve measures to prevent and thwarting other nations attempts to penetration into own nations intelligence system; while offensive deal with running double agents to penetrate, manipulate, exploit, and control targeted adversaries. CI is said to be the most essential aspect of the intelligence disciplines, in the sense that collecting vast quantities of secret information and produce excellent analysis of the intelligence, but ineffective counterintelligence measures may diminish confidence the final results (Van Cleave, 2013). According to Federal Bureau of Investigation (2011) “Significant advances have been made in clarifying and rectifying intelligence gaps and requirements through the formation of liaison and working relationships with other U.S. intelligence community agencies, foreign partners, the private sector, and academia”. For instance, since 2001, FBI CI program has resulted to total arrests of 249, of which 46 of them were linked to espionage. Counterintelligence (CI)

Intelligence collection and apprehension of criminals have occurred for many years; however, with the exception of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, these actions were performed by different organizations. Nonetheless, roles and responsibilities have changed since the attacks on September 11, 2001. Intelligence-led policing and the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing program were incorporated, and fusion centers were established to help gather intelligence from different levels of the government. Although law enforcement at the local, state, and tribal levels aid in intelligence collection, it is important to ensure that intelligence gathered to protect national security and law enforcement

Intelligence is one of the first lines of defense used by the United States to protect the Country against both foreign and domestic threats (Johnson, 2010). There are many ways and methods of intelligence collections employed by the intelligence community such as “spies, eavesdropping, technical sources, and openly available materials” etc (Clark, 2013). Method used also depends on many factors such as available resources, time, agency involved, and intelligence collection source. U.S Intelligence agencies use different collection and analytical method that suit their collection function, structure and pro¬cess. For example, DNI/OSC relies on open source (OSINT), CIA uses human intelligence (HUMINT) tactic, DIA uses measurements and signatures intelligence (MASINT), NSA employs signals intelligence (SIGINT), and NGA utilizes imagery intelligence (IMINT) techniques for their intelligence collections (Clark, 2013).

According to Federal Bureau of Investigation (2011) after the 9/11 attacks, “significant advances have been made in clarifying and rectifying intelligence gaps and requirements through the formation of liaison and working relationships with other U.S. intelligence community agencies, foreign partners, the private sector, and academia”. For instance, since 2001, FBI CI program has resulted in total arrests of 249, of which 46 of them were linked to espionage. CI has