An Investigation Into The Effect Of Immunisation On Evolution Essay

When non-resistant bacteria are exposed to an antibiotic, most of them die. But due to the increase of mutations some of the bacteria are becoming resistance to the antibiotic. The bacteria are all subject to natural selection. Natural selection is as simple as saying that the bacteria that have not developed a mutation or resistance that helps them to survive die. The ones that do, survive and pass on the mutation to the next generation. This means that we are constantly having to adapt our antibiotics because so much of the mutation is getting passed along. The flu vaccination is a good example of how mutations are carried over and how the vaccine had to be changed every year to fight the ever changing virus. Some strains

The human immune system having far greater capabilities than what it is often believed to have been was a common theme throughout the literature review. This was especially prevenient in two of these studies; first being in Gerber and Offit’s paper where they explain just how capable people are at responding against a vaccine. They state that studies have shown that a child’s immune system is capable of responding to a thousand vaccines simultaneously without any adverse effects. In addition, children are infected by up to 6 microbes daily, which far exceeds the 36 shots given over a

As well as this, certain blood proteins are found in a number of species. When genetic code (DNA and RNA) is used by a cell, it builds amino acids in a sequence, which forms protein. Chemical tests can determine whether one species has the similar blood proteins to another, thus showing evidence of evolutionary relationships. Organisms with a common ancestor have a close number of amino acid sequences in common. For example, chimpanzees and humans have no difference in their amino acid protein count in their haemoglobin – evidence for a common ancestor.

A clear definition of a vaccination is, "the generic term for immunization procedures. Immunization is a procedure whereby living or nonliving materials are introduced into the body…:" (Nosal, 1999) The concept that people who survive an infectious disease do not get the same disease again is the basis for the administering of vaccinations. Vaccines are normally given to healthy individuals for the prevention of diseases. Vaccines work by using a human host to provide a stimulus to the immune system. Immunization is used for viral and bacterial diseases. Rappuolli reports and predicts, "Vaccines will not only be used to prevent

Vaccinations played a substantial role in the eradication of smallpox. Before its eradication in 1980, smallpox was a terror that effected many people. Of those who contracted the disease, 30% died. Most of the people who survived had deep, pit-like scars for the rest of their lives (“Smallpox Disease Overview”). In 1751, London alone reported 3,538 deaths due to smallpox (“All Timelines Overview”). Edward Jenner, an English country doctor, developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796. Jenner used the pus from cowpox sores to build up immunity to smallpox. Cowpox is a relatively harmless disease that was common among milkmaids of Jenner’s day. Following Jenner’s success, use of the vaccination quickly spread across the world. In the late 1960’s, the World Health Organization (WHO) began to push for eradication using mass vaccination of individuals in epidemic countries. Due to the plans used by WHO and other organizations smallpox was eradicated. The only samples that exist are kept in high security labs in Atlanta, Georgia and Novosibirsk, Siberia. Had eradication

In the immunization study, we see how the misleading information could impact the lives of people. In 1998, Andrew Wakefield and his colleagues by publishing a paper suggesting that the autism may be related to the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine have led some parents to stop giving their children the MMR vaccination.

The book, Missing Microbes, by Martin J. Blaser, MD, was a very different read, then our other book, The Creative Destruction of Medicine, by Eric Topol, MD. In this book Dr. Blaser discusses the overuse of antibiotics and how it is affecting the United States. The United States has had a major increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases and Dr. Blaser explains the reasoning. The advancement of medicine and the increase use seems to be causing more harm than good in today’s society. Dr. Blaser discusses how the use of antibiotics and drugs to treat different illnesses may also be causing long-term effects on people’s lives. Dr. Blaser believes that our missing microbes may have something to do with main chronic diseases such as: allergies, asthma, cancers, diabetes, and obesity. These are the main diseases causing havoc on our population today affecting all of our families in some form or fashion. Dr. Blaser backs his theory by providing evidence and facts to prove his theory. The belief of Dr. Blaser based on this book could cause harm to some of us who are trying to be allied health professionals, not only in the future but also now. The effects has even trickled into agriculture with the animals being pumped with antibiotics and steroids to increase their size, which we ingest and get the effects of those drugs also.

Question: Is there any legitimate ethical issues for rejecting immunisation and what is being done to educate the public?

[Attention-Getter and Pathos] Think of all of the diseases that once were; Smallpox, Rubella, Polio, and Mumps we do not really think about those diseases anymore because we do not have to worry about them. But do we ever take the time to pause for a moment in our fast lives and think, think of all of the people who died from these diseases, think of all of the people who lost family and friends, and think of the privilege that we live with- that we do not have to deal with these diseases anymore. This privilege is from one thing alone; vaccines.

Mass immunizations have eradicated many once deadly diseases. The likes of smallpox, which killed millions, and polio; which immobilized and killed thousands. In the 1900s, cures to these diseases were given as immunizations in mass to the public, and through persistence and years of work these diseases were eradicated. Until Andrew Wakefield and others said a cause of autism was immunizations. More and more of the world's population has not gotten immunized, because of proven false statements, laziness, and poverty, now those illnesses are back.

By disrupting the process of natural selection, vaccines have led to multiple issues. For instance, disorders are more prevalent now than they were before; and viruses are becoming more aggressive. There are people alive today that would die if they touched a peanut. Diagnosis of ADHD/ADD is rising. Also, the world is experiencing overpopulation. Naturally,

In today’s society, vaccinations are a very important part of our regular health care routine. We begin vaccinating when a child is only two months old and they will continue to receive vaccinations throughout their life (Maldonado, 2002). The vaccinations we currently administer are not perfect. They were developed mainly using luck but we have had great success rates with them. There is still room for improvement. However normal this part of our lives seems, there are still many questions scientists have about the independent context in which they work and how to perfect vaccinations so that they are one hundred percent effective.

Vaccinations. What are they? A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. This way if you do come in contact with a disease you are able to fight it off. We also want to practice good personal safety behaviors in your home and community to help prevent injury. Also, avoiding risky behaviors that can lead to contracting communicable diseases or developing a no communicable disease.

Biological evolution is the name for the changes in gene frequency in a population of a species from generation to generation. Evolution offers explanation to why species genetically change over years and the diversity of life on Earth. Although it is generally accepted by the scientific community, Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution has been studied and debated for several decades. In 1859, Darwin published On The Origin of Species, which introduced the idea of evolutionary thought which he supported with evidence of one type of evolutionary mechanism, natural selection. Some of the main mechanisms of evolution are natural selection, mutation, and genetic drift. The idea that all life on Earth shares a common ancestor has been around for

During the 20th century, the infectious disease death rate decreased from 800/1000 deaths to less than 100/1000 deaths. This is mainly due to the introduction of immunisation. Vaccination has clearly prevented millions of deaths over the last century; nevertheless, the anti-vaccination movement has grown significantly in recent years. Some of the reasons why people join this movement include the belief that vaccines don’t actually work, the belief that vaccines are unnatural and therefore unhealthy and the belief that vaccines contain toxins that cause bodily damage and neuropsychiatric problems (eg. Autism). This essay will discredit the beliefs associated with the anti vaccination movement through infectious disease statistics,