An Overview Of Parkinson Disease

The World Health Organization projects that, by 2040, neurodegenerative diseases will become more common than cancer (Cashell, 2014). Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is widely listed as the second most common neurodegenerative disease (Wuong, 2012; Gillies et al., 2014; Cashell, 2014; Walker, Davidson, & Gray, 2012). This disease, usually characterized by a tremor, but featuring systemic effects, has been diagnosed in one to two percent of people over age 65 (Casey, 2013). Parkinson’s disease is incurable; the goal of the healthcare team is to help the patient to maintain function, independence and quality of life (Miertová et al., 2014; Magennis, Lynch, & Corry, 2014). In the discussion that follows, current understanding of the causes and treatment of PD will be summarized, along with examples of nursing interventions.

PD is clinical syndrome characterized by motor disturbance that will damage dopaminergic neurons. Also, PD induced by drug like dopamine antagonists and injure dopaminergic neurons by toxins. And it can be induced by other disease like progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration and multiple system atrophy. Also, it could be genetic by mutation of gene encoding α-synuclein, Or by environment. Its pathological changes include that dopaminergic neurons incapable of producing dopamine.

Parkinson disease (PD), also referred to as Parkinson’s disease and paralysis agitans, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is the third most common neurologic disorder of older adults. It is a debilitating disease affecting motor ability and is characterized by four cardinal symptoms: tremor rigidity, bradykinesia or kinesis (slow movement/no movement), and postural instability. Most people have primary, or idiopathic, disease. A few patients have secondary parkinsonian symptoms from conditions such as brain tumors and certain anti-psychotic drugs.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a slowly progressing neurodegenerative disease that affects muscle movement and control, leading to severe limitations in daily activity and quality of life. Symptoms and signs of PD often appear around the age of 60, but can occasionally present in much younger people. Symptoms tend to fluctuate and intensify over time. Individuals often experience significant disability 10 to 15 years after they have been diagnosed with it. Common indications of PD include tremors on one side of the body when at rest, bradykinesia (slow movements) and stiff or rigid muscles.

Author Lorraine V. Kalia wrote in The Lancet Journal on April 20, 2015 on Parkinson’s disease, she explains the fundamentals of the disease in which she highlights that the disease is more than a genetic disease but also influenced by environmental factors. Parkinson’s disease is classified as a neurodegenerative disease that affects motor functions in the body. It is caused from the death of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra or the brain’s control center. The cause of the death of the neurons is still unknown; this makes the treatment and diagnosis of this disease much harder in the early stages. The death of neurons leads to a motor function It is diagnosed in the late stage that is accompanied by trembling, rigidity, slowness

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized mainly by physical and psychological disabilities. This disorder was named after James Parkinson, an English physician who first described it as shaking palsy in 1817 (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). Jean- Martin Charcot, who was a French neurologist, then progressed and further refined the description of the disease and identified other clinical features of PD (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). PD involves the loss of cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine in a part of the brain stem called the substansia nigra, which results in several signs and symptoms (Byrd, Marks, and Starr, 2000). It is manifested clinically by tremor,

demonstrates that certain types of PD are inevitable regardless of environmental factors, but most forms of the disease result from the compilation

In this paper I am going to talk about Parkinson’s Disease. I will talk about what it is, how it occurs, the symptoms, any cures/treatments, facts, how the disease affects the levels of organization, what levels it affects, how it affects homeostasis, how the disease disrupts homeostasis, and how the body responds.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by aberrant α-synuclein aggregates within neurons causing damage or neuronal death in different regions of the brain with most disease development occurring in the substantia nigra (NIH.PARK). α-synuclein positive Lewy bodies are another hallmark of PD development (NIH.PARK). Damage or death of neurons leads to a decrease in dopamine production which is required for smooth control of muscle movement (NIH.PARK2, NIH.PARK). Clinically presenting symptoms manifest over time and are characterized by muscle rigidity, tremors and delayed movement however, cognitive changes have also been observed (NIH.PARK2, NIH.PARK). Almost all cases of PD develop sporadically with a small

Parkinson’s disease is a highly pathological disease dated back for thousands of years. It is the most common movement disorder in our current society and the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Parkinson’s disease was first studied by James Parkinson in 1817, which resulted in the identification of the common symptoms of the disease. (Parkinson’s Disease Information, 2014) This disease is characterized by a progressive loss of muscle control. This loss of muscle control leads to other complications such as trembling of the limbs and head when at rest. (Board, 2013)

“Parkinson’s Disease, or PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and is caused by degeneration and dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra.” (Corrow, 2013). Although that is the specific definition of Parkinson’s Disease, not all people might understand those terms. When educating patients, it’s important to assess their education level and provide information easily understandable to them. To provide simpler terms, “Parkinson’s is a disease that involves the malfunction and death of vital nerve cells in the brain, typically the basal ganglia within the cerebrum.” (Parkinson Disease Foundation, Inc. 2016). “Some of these dying neurons produce dopamine, a

PD is a condition that results when a certain gene in the brain stays consistently open, resulting in a lack of dopamine production from damaged or dead neurons. Dopamine is responsible for the coordination of movement throughout the body. Without these active dopamine producing brain cells, the affected person can develop tremors, poor balance, lack of coordination, stiffness, and delayed movements.

Parkinson’s disease is a disorder that affects the nerve cells, in a part of the brain that controls the movement of muscles. Symptoms of this debilitating disease include trembling of hands, arms, legs, jaw and face, stiffness of arms, legs and trunk, slowness of movement, poor balance and coordination. As symptoms get progressively worse, people may experience depression, sleep problems, swallowing and speaking problems. Till now there is no cure for this disease.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which worsen over time. PD is due to loss and degeneration of dopamine neurone in the brain. This neurone is important to make signalling chemical called dopamine which allow us to make normal movement. Cause for this disease is unknown, or basically acknowledged as idiopathic. However, there are

Parkinson’s disease is one of the most frightening and deadliest diseases of them all, and is potentially life altering not only for the individual who gets it, but for their loved ones as well. Commonly found amongst the elderly,” Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive, neurological disease that mainly affects movement but can also affect cognition.” (What is Parkison’s Disease), and it effects people who are on average ages 60 years and older. As we as humans age and progress through life, so does our bodies. Change within the body can be potentially be for the good, change that is not necessarily good. In this case, Parkinson’s disease is a progressive and neurological disease that effects move and cognition of the body. As stated in the text, “Parkinson’s disease results from the destruction of nerve cells in a part of the brain called the basal ganglia” (What is Parkison’s Disease). In other words, Parkinson’s disease effects and ruptures nerve cells in a major part of the brain, which in essence causes negative effects and memory/brain function. Several parts of the brain work simultaneously together to send signals to each other to coordinate all of our thoughts, movements, emotions, and senses. When we have the urge to move, a signal is sent from a part of the brain named the basal ganglia to another part of the brain named the thalamus, which is then sent to the cerebral cortex. This is a disease that effects many elderly people worldwide, and the families of