An Overview of Title IX Essay examples

Congress amended Title VII in 1978 by passing the Pregnancy Discrimination Act and made it clear that discrimination based on pregnancy is unlawful sex discrimination. This legislation reversed the Supreme Court's Gilbert decision in 1976. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1991 which overruled several Supreme Court decisions rendered in the 1980s that had made it more difficult for plaintiffs to prevail in their employment discrimination suits and to recover fees and costs when they won their lawsuits (www.eeoc.gov). The amendment stated that parties can request jury trials and those successful plaintiffs can recover compensatory and punitive damages in employment discrimination cases. This amendment has

Private schools should have the right to make their own rules to help their students and better their school. Policies and rules set in place by the private school administration stating that pregnant or parenting students must follow different rules than regular students are violating the students’ rights to education. Pregnant and parenting students who are asked to leave private schools have no way of fighting for their rights because Title IX does not apply to privately funded schools. Pregnancy discrimination in schools is a violation of girls’ rights as women, considering only girls can become pregnant. This country has fought for equal rights for women for many years. There have been many Supreme Court cases revolving around discriminating against women. In 1965, Weeks v. Southern Bell won women the fight against labor laws and regulations about the hours and conditions that women can work and opened many jobs that were previously only available to males (Writing Women Back Into History). In the 1969 case of Bowe v. Colgate-Palmolive Company, women meeting the physical won the right to work in jobs that only men could work (Writing Women Back Into History). In Pittsburgh Press v. Pittsburgh Commission on human Relations of 1973, Supreme Court ruled against

The district court’s decision to dismiss this case is based on the Plaintiffs failure to prove theory of purposeful discrimination, which is denied under Alexander v. Sandoval where the Supreme Court ruled that even if a federally funded entity knowingly adopts a policy that creates disparate impact, Title VI still affords no remedy and also because Proposition 16 is a facially neutral policy that happened to create a racially disparate impact, it holds no bearing to Title VI. The court ultimately found that Proposition 16 was created to improve ALL student athlete graduation rights. As for Pryor’s ADA claim, it too was dismissed because Pryor lacked the standing to remedy her loss of eligibility due to the fact the NCAA may still grant her the relief she seeks.

Title IX is a law passed in 1972 that requires gender equity for boys and girls in every educational program that receives federal funding. Title IX states “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.(TitleIX1972)” Title IX goes on into more depth and if you wish to learn more about Title IX you can visit ”http://www.dol.gov/oasam/regs/statutes/titleix.htm”,but I will be focusing mainly on this highlight of the law. When analyzing this law

Title IX was put in place to help women. This act was supposed to stop situations such as unfair media attention, but has it helped? According to the article Media Coverage of Women's Sport: A New Look at an Old Problem, “There is evidence that these injustices are not diminishing over time, as Duncan and Messner (2000), in their longitudinal analysis, found the amount and type of coverage of women's sport in broadcast media has not changed since 1989” (Cunningham 44). The problem of inequality within media has been a problem for years and there haven’t been improvements. It has been said over the years that the amount of media coverage may vary depending on what female sport it is. Cunningham says, “Several authors have found that women

The lack of action and the incompetence of HEW was the primary obstacle in the way of thorough enforcement of Title IX . Inspired by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Title IX took years for women to see the law enacted due to the disgraceful lack of enforcement by HEW. Experts show that the Education and Welfare did “three tenths of a complaint per person” failing to protect women to the best of its abilities for more than five years (NOW 71). The HEW did not make a priority to evaluate the claims of race or gender discrimination and after the passing of 1972 women who were excited about the passing of the law were met with one obstacle, the grace period. Feminist Susan Ware notes that The Department of Health, Education and Welfare appointed a “grace period of four to three years” for secondary institutions, meaning that some women did not see the law take hold until graduation (NOW 74). The grace period allowed schools to do as they please under the guise of evaluating results of complaints of discrimination which gave the law a sluggish start. During this period women flooded HEW with thousands of complaints by women facing gender discrimination on college campuses across the nation.

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit was to determine if the plaintiff, David Dunlap Dunlap, had met the burden of proof that the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was liable under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by intentionally discriminating against him under both disparate impact and disparate treatment analyses and whether the TVA appeal to the District Court erred in each of these analyses could be legally supported to reverse their decision FindLaw, 2011).

Prior to this Supreme Court case, there were many schools that were “male-only” or “female-only”. In a time when social changes were happening throughout the country (desegregation and women’s rights), having an institution that promotes men over women was not going to just fly over the heads of women and the Constitution. In 1990, the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) was smacked in the face with a subpoena by the district court, the United States brought upon the charges. This case was brought about by a female in high school that complained to the U.S. Justice department about VMI being a male-only institution. Her application that was processed at VMI was not accepted without even regarding her qualifications. VMI was tried for discrimination

Department of Education Secretary, Betsy DeVos decided Friday to discard a set of Obama-era policies that included Title IX. DeVos built on comments she made earlier in the month regarding an easier and more fair process for both victims and the accused. The new guidelines would allow universities and colleges choose between that standard and a “clean and convicting evidence” standard, which is harder to meet.

Blumenthal, Karen. Let Me Play: The Story of Title IX : The Law That Changed the Future of

Title IX has been successful in providing athletic opportunities for women. Title IX increased the amount of women participants significantly over the years and the legislation serves as a standard for college programs to abide by they want to keep federal funding. The passing of Title IX created a monumental shift college and high school athletics. After Title IX passed there were changes such as the University of Michigan going from an institution which only had male college programs to having ten female athletic programs in the span of five years (Rothman). I feel like Title IX has been successful in providing opportunities for women since without it there probably would have been very limited change. Dr.

Title IX is part of the United States Education Amendments of 1972. It was meant to address some the flaws in the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was written in order to end discrimination in various fields based on sex, religion, race, color, or national origin, in the area of employment. The drawback of this act was that it did not include any prohibition on gender discrimination in public education and federally assisted programs.Title IX was created in an

Title IX was first introduced in Congress by its head author and sponsor, Senator Birch Bayh. On June 23, 1972, President Richard Nixon signed into law Title IX of the Education Amendment of 1972 in response to the 1964 Civil Rights Act, requiring equal opportunity for males and females in educational programs - including athletic programs. According to the United States Justice Department, Title IX is a comprehensive federal law which prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any type of federally funded education program or activity. The main purpose of Title IX is to avoid using federal money to support sex discrimination within education programs and to provide United States citizens with effective protection.

This is when Plessy v. Ferguson where the Supreme Court ruled that the 14th Amendment did not prohibit separate but equal facilities in America. This ruling paved the way for states to establish segregation policies that were followed for decades. Then in 1954, the Supreme Court overturned Plessy by way of Brown v. Board of Education. This decision marked the end of Jim Crow and the beginning of the policies aimed at promoting diversity in schools, the workplace, and other public facilities. Affirmative Action was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2003 in Grutter v. Bollinger. Then in Gratz v. Bollinger, the Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional for colleges to enforce racial or gender quotas. The well-known Bakke case showed flaws in Affirmative Action and brought about the term “reverse discrimination.” Ala Bakke, a white male, was denied admittance to a medical school when less qualified minority applicants had been accepted. The Supreme Court ruled against colleges that practiced inflexible quota systems in their Affirmative Action programs. The Court said the college had discriminated unfairly against a white applicant. As time has gone on more injustice was uncovered in regard to Affirmative Action. In the Wygant case in 1986 minority employees were allowed to keep their jobs while white employees with seniority were laid off. On the other side of the spectrum, however, was the Paradise case in 1987 where the Alabama Department of Public Safety refused to promote minority employees above entry level positions even though the court ordered them to. However, the landmark case surrounding Affirmative Action was heard in 2003 involving the University of Michigan Affirmative Action policies. This decision upheld Affirmative Action in higher education. The Court declared that rave can be one of =many factors that colleges use in selecting their students. They said the

His suit was later dismissed on the grounds of the actual Title IX. It states that no one should be discriminated on based on their sex, not retaliation. The district, the Eleventh Circuit, and the appeals court all concluded that this was a case of retaliation, not sexual discrimination. There was no Title IX violation. It was stated that Jackson’s case was not accepted because he was an “indirect victim of sexual discrimination.” Yes, the girl’s team was discriminated against, but he was no part of the team. He was just the coach. It was wrong of the school supervisors to terminate him of his position because he cared enough about his team to speak up about unfair treatment. Maybe if he would have filed a suit on different grounds, he would have had a much better