Analysis Of Aliphatic, Aromatic And Polar Hydrocarbons

1124). Due to substances which were co extracted by TLC (non petroleum substances), a limitation of determination pertaining to quantities of asphalts and tars was noted.

The sequence of the 16S rRNA was obtained and analysed in some steps. Firstly the bacteria was lysed to release the DNA for the 16SrRNA gene and by centrifugation they got the pellet of bacterial that remains separated from the DNA. The next step is amplify the DNA and that could be done by Readymix and PCR method the Polymerase chain reaction, you can amplify specific regions of DNA in the organism genome catalyzing the replication of specific regions, in this process you need five essential components that are the DNA polymerase (enzyme that catalysis the DNA syntheses process), DNA template, DNA with target sequence, Primers (sequence of single-stranded DNA

The management of agricultural land is considered one of the most significant human activities capable of changing the soil characteristics. Intensive agricultural practices are an important factor contributing to the degradation of soil properties (García-Orenes et al., 2009; Maitima et al., 2009) leading to lower levels of organic matter (Fliessbach et al., 2007; Schjønning et al., 2007) and changes in soil microbial diversity and activity (Nicol et al., 2003; Govaerts et al., 2007). Many studies have shown that land use determines the composition of soil bacterial communities (Wallenius et al., 2011; Osborne et al., 2011) and the bacterial communities are more sensitive to land use changes than the soil chemical and physical properties (Romaniuk et al., 2011). On the other hand, the use of land affected indirectly the bacterial community structure but it does not deplete bacterial diversity under the imposed environmental conditions (Jesus et al., 2009; Suleiman et al.,

Bioremediation is extremely cost effective. It is less expensive than other technologies because the cost of production of remedial techniques is negligible in comparison to other available remedial technologies. This is mainly because microorganisms are naturally present in the environment so the cost of production gets diminished.

The microorganisms are most essential part of the soil and also works as the indicators of the soil quality as their presence highly affected by the any contamination to the soil (Andreni et al., 2004; Abd Elsalam et al., 2006). Microorganisms play very important roles in maintain soil fertility and primary production through organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. E-waste contains the harmful pollutants and chemicals that amended to the soil and generates harmful effects to the microbes living in soil. Elevated concentrations of the toxic metals and compounds are known to affect soil microbial populations and their associated activities. It is generally accepted that accumulated heavy metals reduce the amount of soil microbial

1-Ladder consist of 13 double-stranded DNA ranging in size from 100 to 1500 size bp .

The usefulness of sludge sewage also known as bio solids in the environment can’t be overemphasized. According to Renner, millions of tons of sewage sludge is produced each year[1]. Land filling, incineration and land application are the possible options for the disposal of the bio solids resulting from the waste water treatment. Approximately six million tons of treated sludge produced annually in the U.S is applied to the farmland[6]. This method of disposal is favored above the other methods because it is used as a form of amendment for the purpose of improving the condition of the soil. The treated sewage sludge or bio solid is rich in nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus and organic content which make it useful as fertilizers to stimulate the growth of plants as well as enhance and maintain productive soils[5]. In addition to the nutrients contained in the bio solids, there is also the presence of a multitude of metals, contaminants and pathogens. This caused the issue of the bio solids application in the agricultural lands to be a disputatious issue globally right from the time the Clean Water regulations were enacted since the late 1980’s[1].

The advantages of DNA based markers are that they are selectively neutral, abundant and have a wide coverage in the genome of all species. DNA based markers have been widely used in genetic studies of various crop plants that include cat’s whiskers (Kafesu, 2012) and tobacco (Mwadzingeni et al., 2013). Several DNA-based techniques can be used for characterization and these include simple sequence repeats (SSR), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (Villa et al., 2005). These techniques are all fairly effective. Their choice depends on the stage of research into

2 types of Soil samples were taken from each site, one series get air-dried, gently crushed and passed through a 2-mm sieve for evaluating soil characteristics. The second one remained undisturbed for aggregation stability experiment.

It is found to improve on nature 's own way of degrading oil. Bioremediation is an option that offers the possibility to destroy or render harmless various contaminants using natural biological activity. As such, it uses relatively low-cost, low-technology techniques, which generally have a high public acceptance and can often be carried out on site Keeler, 2003). However, the time scales involved are relatively long, and the residual contaminant levels achievable may not always be appropriate. Bioremediation has been used at a number of sites worldwide, including United States and Europe, with varying degrees of success. Techniques are improving as greater knowledge and experience are gained, and there is no doubt that bioremediation has great potential for dealing with certain types of site contamination (Keeler, 2003).

It is important to be able to distinguish between soil types across farmed landscape, and classification is the main way this can be achieved (Soffe, 2003:24). One common practice used to record classification is through mapping; carried out on varying scales by National Soil Resources Institute for England and Wales based on differences and similarities in soil profile investigations (Soffe, 2003:24; Simpson 1983:47). It is important to be able to record information for cropping and agricultural reference.

Capacity of a soil to function in supporting important ecosystems without producing a negative interaction with the environment is referred to as soil quality (Larson and Pierce, 1991). This concept integrates physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil (Idowu et al, 2009). As there is an increased awareness regarding the impact of soil management on environmental quality and production of agriculture (Doran and Parkin, 1994), this concept of soil quality has gained increased attention all over the world (Idowu et al, 2009). These interactions determine the ability of the soil to perform some of its very important functions such as retention and release of nutrients, moisture, and resistance to degradation

It is a process by which chemical substances are degraded by bacteria and other microorganisms. The use of these microorganisms has been successfully applied for the treatment of waste and wastewater in controlled systems. Several research studies have recently been performed to investigate the use of bioremediation for oil-spill cleanup in seawater, freshwater and terrestrial areas. The technique has been found to have a potential for broad applications in terrestrial and freshwater environments for treating soils and sediments contaminated with oil and other substances, as well as for coastal environments impacted by oil spills. Water is a more sensitive medium than soil and requires different remediation techniques. Spills to surface water are easier to clean up than spills to groundwater, for obvious reasons. It is not only much harder to see the extent of the contamination, but also to remove the source of the contamination as, for

Soil properties are shown in Table 2.1. These soils had a loamy texture with different contents of clay, sand and silt. pH values ranged from 4.45 to 7.73. TC was in the range of 1.6 to 8.37 % without significant amounts of TN and TS detected. TOC varied between 1.48 and 8.37% whilst DOC showed a wide range from 106 to 400 mg kg-1. CEC values ranged from 2.9 to 17.9 cmol kg-1. Concentrations of Fe oxide, Al oxide, and Mn oxide were 0.28-12.49 g kg-1, 0.5-12.6 g kg-1 and 0.0252-0.302 g kg-1, respectively. Total concentrations of As and Cd in control and spiked soil after one-year aging were listed in Table S1 (Appendix 2). The difference between the spiked concentrations and measured ones may be due to the particle size (spiked soils were sieved to < 250 μm particle size was used for all measurements.

For molecular studies, fresh leaves were collected randomly from 10 randomly selected plants in each population. Nuclear DNA was extracted using CTAB activated charcoal protocol (Križman et al., 2006). These procedures were based on