Analysis Of Avian Avulavirus

The world has seen several infectious diseases as time goes on from typhoid to strep, smallpox, meningitis, the common flu and many more. Through the use and progression of vaccines, many deadly and horrible diseases have been completely cured or side

* Flaviviruses: share a common size (40-60nm), symmetry (enveloped, icosahedral nucleocapsid), nucleic acid (positive-sense, single stranded RNA approximately 10,000-11,000 bases), and appearance in the electron microscope. Therefore, images of West Nile virus are representative for this group of viruses.

Viruses are microscopic particles that invade and take over both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. They consist of two structures, which are the nucleic acid and capsid. The nucleic acid contains all genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA, and is enclosed in the capsid, which is the protein coating that helps the virus attach to and penetrate the host cell. In some cases, certain viruses have a membrane surrounding the capsid, called an envelope. This structure allows viruses to become more stealthy and protected. There are two cycles in which a virus can go into: lytic and lysogenic. The lytic cycle consists of the virus attaching to a cell, injecting its DNA, and creating more viruses, which proceed to destroy the host. On the other hand, the lysogenic cycle includes the virus attaching to the cell, injecting its DNA, which combines with the cell’s DNA in order for it to become provirus. Then, the provirus DNA may eventually switch to the lytic cycle and destroy the host.

“In 2011 alone, 1.5 million children died [worldwide] from diseases preventable by currently recommended vaccines” (“Immunization” 2). The magnitude of this tragedy is in part caused by the fact that some of those children simply weren’t reached by organizations like UNICEF, which aim to vaccinate children (“Immunization” 2). However, there are other reasons for the recent deaths and epidemics—such as the whooping cough epidemic of 2012, with 48,000 cases nationally in the United States—involving vaccine preventable diseases (McClay 1).

This article covers the Seneca Valley Virus (SVV-001) as a hopeful for an oncolytic treatment of certain cancer types. More specifically those with neuroendocrine properties such as rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms tumor, glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, and adult small-cell lung cancer. Each of which effect smooth/skeletal muscle cells, kidneys/adrenal glands (mainly in children), astrocytes of the brain, nerve cells of a fetus, and lung cells in adults respectively. The virus was discovered by accident in a contaminated cell culture that contained bovine serum to promote growth. The virus was later discovered to be almost exclusively found in farm animals such as cows and pigs, due to the presence of neutralizing antibodies that were later to only ever have been found in one human sample. Just as important as that, the virus only targets the cells of the above-mentioned cancers/tumors, is a self-replicating RNA virus, and its inability to infect other cells in the body all come together to result in the lysis of these specific cancer cells. These properties alone give great hope for SVV-001 as a treatment for those infected by these diseases, and prompted for more research into its medicinal possibilities.

The world has many problems. Society has trouble finding adequate protection against the elements, each other, and many other adversities. We cannot fix every problem. We fail to completely survive natural disasters, catastrophes, and even basic problems. We can’t even feed ourselves. However, there is one major problem that mankind is beginning to solve. Vaccines are changing the world. They are becoming vital to our well-being. Vaccinations should mandatorily be administered to all children, especially those in our school system.

Once there was a virus named Birdie. This virus was a Bird Flu, or Avian Influenza, virus of the subtype H5N1, the first strain of Avian Influenza having the ability to infect humans (Normandin and Solan). Birdie looked like a microscopic pomander, a fragrant orange with cloves stuck in it. Inside, she had eight pieces of single stranded ribonucleic acid or ssRNA. Birdie was deadly to humans, but was not able to spread from one human to another. She could only spread from birds to humans ("Bird Flu"). Birdie started out inside a chicken named Cluck, where she was formed. A little while later, Cluck's farmer Mark, sold his Cluck, to Joe, another poultry farmer because Mark did not realize that Cluck had H5N1. After a few months of Cluck living

The most widespread skepticism, however, is based on popular belief that vaccine efficacy is just not satisfactory. Arguing against this, experts explain that IFV is a single stranded RNA (ribonucleic acid) virus with no proofreading mechanism, as is common in their DNA counterparts (Brandenburg et al., 2013). The replication phase of its life cycle is prone to multiple mutations, constantly generating new strains of IFV. Scientist have been frustrated by challenges due to “sequence and antigenic diversity” (Burton et al., 2012), which is analogous to

Doctors see the importance of vaccines on a local scale, as they protect children and communities, but researchers and scientists see the importance of vaccines on a global scale. Over the years, the world has seen many close calls with viruses such as Ebola, Swine Flu, and Zika, each proving to be slightly more difficult to address yet preparation has not changed to accommodate for the adapting viruses. Researchers and scientists are educated to be a step ahead of viruses that threaten society and the implementation of the CEPI would allow science the means to commence the process of eradicating viruses. Already the CEPI has funding to research three high profile viruses however the more money the CEPI can allocate, the bigger its targets can become. Researchers hope to eventually take on viruses such as HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria, three of the most widespread and adaptive viruses in the world today. With most viruses much easier to address when compared to the abilities of HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria, researchers hope funding comes quickly. Sciences ability to protect the world from pandemics depends wholly on the success of the CEPI, nowhere else is there funding dedicated solely to the research of viruses and their possible vaccinations. For researchers and scientists, the success of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparation Innovations is crucial for the future of a world threatened by adaptive viruses that currently have no

Living in an environment where we are prone to many viruses, it’s very important that one take the proper precautions or considerations to control the risk of getting affected. However, when utilizing the ability of not becoming infected, one may question the fact weather there’s an actual effective form of prevention or not. To clarify the uncertainty, over many years one of the most strategic methods that have been used for the control and preventions of viruses are vaccinations. A vaccination takes advantage of one’s body natural ability to primarily learn how to eliminate almost any disease causing germ or microbe that affects it. Therefore vaccinations are considered one of the most effective ways to prevent severe outcomes initiated by viruses.

Marrow, W.J.W., Sheikh, N.A., Schmidt, C.S. and Davies, D.H. (ed.). (2012). Vaccinology: Principles and Practice. United States, Europe: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Some countries are not fortunate enough to get the routine vaccinations for themselves or their children. Also, it will be difficult to determine who’s contracted the disease from abroad so we must protect ourselves and family.

The DF-1 cell line is often used in the research of avian viruses. It is unique to the group of mammalian cell lines in that it does not contain endogenous sequences linked to avian sarcoma and leukosis, a first of its kind in continuous avian cell lines. The study of avian retrovirology relies heavily on access to a continuous cell line, and the DF-1 cell line is both continuous and non-transformed. Because the cell line lacks any sequences related to avian viruses, it is most popularly used to study the effects of these viruses on cells as they

The knowledge of specific virulence factor(s) of a pathogen and the availability of recombinant DNA technology has facilitated the creation of specific gene-deleted pathogens for use as live vaccines. The approach of creating and testing defined gene deletions ultimately aids in reducing the pathogenicity/virulence of the organism without affecting the immunogenicity. Such gene-deleted organisms can be used as vaccines as they retain the immunogenic features of the wild-type organism but cannot cause disease. However, to be effective as viable vaccine(s), these organisms should be genetically stable, easy to grow and easy to administer. So far, genes involved either in determining virulence or regulating key

With immunization, a country’s growth can be boosted, as immunization makes economic sense. Though there are some challenges in being able to vaccinate all target children, UNICEF has made major initiatives and major progress.