Analysis Of Bio-Hydrogen Production And Phosphorus Recovery In Microbial Electrolysis Cell

In photosynthesis H+ ions are vital in the production of the energy source that is ATP, which is used in several metabolic processes, such as respiration. The photolysis of water produces H+ ions, electrons and O2. The excited electrons lose energy as they move along the electron transport chain, this energy is used to transport the H+ ions (protons) in to the thylakoid, which causes a higher concentration of H+ than there is in the stroma, thus causing a proton gradient across the membrane. The H+ then proceed to move down the concentration gradient into the stroma via the enzyme ATP synthase. The energy from this process is called chemiosmosis and combines ADP with inorganic phosphate (Pi) to form ATP. Light energy is then absorbed by photosystem I (PS I) which excites the electrons to a higher energy level. These electrons are transferred to NADP with H+ ions from the stroma to form reduced NADP. The whole of this process is

The main pollutant of surface water in the mid-Atlantic region is Acid Mine Drainage, AMD, also called Abandoned Mine Drainage. AMD is a nonpoint source pollution that has degraded more than 4,500 stream miles, in just the mid-Atlantic region, due to the drainage of metal-rich water from mining activities (Jacobs). The runoff is extremely acidic due to the exposure of pyrite containing rocks, a sulfur bearing mineral (FeS2), during mining activities, and the chemical reactions associated with the contact of air and water with such rocks. As a result of such chemical reactions, sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is produced. Several chemical reactions take place and are as follows:

In this experiment, each student was randomly assigned with a different species of gram- negative bacteria. The organism that I was assigned was Unknown #16. The identity of the gram-negative bacteria was determined to be Escherichia coli. The purpose of this report is to describe the various tests that helped develop a better understanding of the unknown microorganism in terms of the physiology, morphology, motility, and antimicrobic sensitivity it is characterized with. Indole production, hydrogen sulfide, and the colony morphology on the Eosin-methylene blue (EMB) plate, were the critical results that led to the conclusion that the organism was E. coli. In the indole production test, E. coli was one of two organisms,

I studied the expression of V. parahaemolyticus’ expression of OM protein when grown in a high and low salt condition. I hypothesized that V. parahaemolyticus would increase the expression of OM proteins in a high salt condition and lower the expression of OM proteins in a low salt condition. As shown in the results section, V. parahaemolyticus expressed more proteins when it was grown in the high salt environment, thus my hypothesis was supported. I predicted that the bacterium would build a wall of proteins around itself to help maintain it stay isotonic state. My results showed that more proteins were expressed but I do not have results to prove that those proteins were used to keep the cell osmotically happy. I was surprised that there weren’t more

In complex II, FADH2 is oxidized to FAD and donates 2 electrons to mobile carrier Coenzyme Q10 and passes those down the ETC. As electrons are passed on from one electron carrier to another, H^+ions are pumped through the electron carrier complexes from the matrix to the IMS. This results in a higher concentration of H^+ions on the side of IMS. Therefore an electrochemical gradient occurs. This concentration gradient is used to drive ATP synthase. As electrons flow back down their concentration gradient, every four H^+ions that flow through ATP synthetase, produce one ATP. Oxygen is the final acceptor of the ETC and accepts electrons to create water. Oxygen is vital for the reactions to take place. The production of metabolic water is the most efficient to produce ATP. The difference in the concentration gradient alone is enough to activate Pi to bind to ADP to create ATP. Human bodies need ATP for cellular activity and muscle

Ralstonia eutropha (R. eutropha) is a gram negative rod shaped (bacillus) bacteria which is catalase and oxidase positive (Yabuuchi et al, 1995) hence is a facultative anaerobe. R. eutropha has gone through a number of name changes including Hydrogenomonas eutrophus and Alcaligenes eutropha (Yabuuchi et al, 1995 and Repaske and Mayer 1976). It can be found in both fresh water and soil and is incredibly versatile as it can exist on only hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as an energy and carbon source (Pohlmann et al, 2006). Due to this versatility, R. eutropha has a number of beneficial uses.

The pH of the media is considered to be one of the most important environmental factors affecting the biosorption process. Moreover, it affects the solubility of metals and ionization state of functional groups which includes carboxyl, phosphate and amino groups of cell wall (Wang and Sun 2013). The effect of pH on the biosorption of aluminium is presented in Fig. 2a. Results show that the amount of aluminium ion uptake increased (10 - 92 mg/L) by rise in pH values (2.0 – 6.0) and the maximum removal efficiency was observed at pH 6. At low pH (less than 4.0) heavy metal removal was inhibited, as a result of positive charge density on metal binding due to a high concentration of protons in solution. With an increase in pH, the negative charge density on the cell surface increases due to deprotonation of the metal binding sites and thus increases biosorption (Say et al. 2001). At alkaline pH, more Al appears in a

In plants, alae and other aerobic organisms, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and photophosphorylation are the two most important energy transductionsliving organisms. These two processes together account for most of the ATP synthesized these living organisms. In eukaryotes, OXPHOS occurs in mitochondria, generate ATP from ADP and Pi by involving the reduction of O2 to H2O with electrons donated by NADH and FADH2. Photophosphorylation occurs in chloroplast or photosynthetic organisms which capture the energy of sunlight and use it to oxidise the H2O to O2 with NADP+ as electron acceptor to make the ATP. Despite their differences, these two highly efficient energy-converting processes have fundamentally similar mechanisms.

Water is an important component of all living cells, but more specifically, water is crucial in the process of sustaining cellular turgor pressure in bacterial cells; the pressure that results from the plasma membrane being propelled against the bacterial cell wall thus, maintaining the cell's rigidity. In order for the bacterial cell to maintain this turgor pressure, the cell must preserve relatively high concentrations of sodium and potassium ions within the cytoplasm resulting in a concentration gradient allowing for the diffusion of water into the bacterial cell. This influx of water or diffusion is the result of a process called osmosis controlled by a osmotic pressure force. In other words, since the bacterial cell may retain a high concentration of sodium and potassium ions within the cytoplasm, natural forces will cause water to move from the cell's surrounding environment (low concentration) into the cell's interior (high concentration). Osmolytes, low molecular mass solutes within the cell, play an important role in maintaining this osmotic pressure and thus ensure osmotic balance (Labeikyte and Sereikaite 2013). Two bacteria including E. coli and S. epidermidis were grown at varying NaCl concentration percentages to determine the tolerance levels of salinities as well as the optimum salinity range for bacterial growth. From this, some bacteria can be classified as

The energy that is gathered in such electrochemical gradients is subsequently converted into ATP by ATP synthase in a process that is a form of photophosphorylation. The ability of these light-driven pumps to transportations across membranes depends on the sunlight-driven alterations in the structure of a retinal cofactor embedded in the protein center. Some swamp-dwelling archaea thrive in anaerobic settings. Such methanogenic metabolism relies on carbon dioxide as an electron acceptor to oxidize hydrogen.

The role of the hydrogen ion gradients in both cellular respiration in the mitochondria and photosynthesis in the chloroplast is that the hydrogen gradients is the gradient stores the energy. Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across the membrane. Chemiosmosis generate ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across the membrane during cellular respiration and photosynthesis. In the cellular respiration it travels down the electron transport system and in photosynthesis it travels through the ATP synthases. Both the cellular respiration and the photosynthesis uses ATP energy to temporarily use the energy it stores for future uses. Photosynthesis uses solar energy to convert into the chemical bond of glucose and cellular respiration converts the

The purpose of this review paper is to discuss the effect of ultraviolet light on bacteria. This is a relevant topic to today’s society because there are many places around the world where people do not have access to clean drinking water or a means to purify their water. By seeing the effect of ultraviolet light on bacteria, an alternative way to clean water could be introduced or expanded on.

Water is essential to the lives of millions of organisms, whether it be involved in processes such as photosynthesis or respiration, this simple molecule is heavily relied upon by individuals from each domain. Many of these beings, however, are often situated in areas that have little to no water available, and so have to exploit a variety of different strategies to stay alive. Anhydrobiosis, for example, is a reversible process which allows certain organisms to survive in these extreme conditions, and it essentially causes their metabolic processes slow to almost a complete stop. The process of anhydrobiosis is triggered due to a lack of moisture in an organism surroundings, resulting in the individual(s) entering a state of desiccation;

Among the different biological methods, bioaccumulation and biosorption have been demonstrated to possess good potential for the removal of metals (Volesky and Holan, 1995; Malik, 2004). Biosorption possesses certain inherent advantages over bioaccumulation processes, which are listed in Table 1. Bioaccumulation is the phenomenon of uptake of toxicants by living cells; whereas, biosorption mechanism is the passive uptake of toxicants by dead/inactive biological materials. Both living and dead microbial biomass are able to uptake metal ions and offer potential economical alternative to conventional absorbents (Knorr D, 1991; Khoo K M and Ting Y P,

eBeam technology uses high energy electrons produced from the commercial electricity by linear accelerators for applications in various fields such as food irradiation, vaccine development, wastewater treatment, biopolymers, therapeutics, etc. The objective of the project was to study the inactivation kinetics of Salmonella and Escherichia coli strains when exposed to 8.5 and 10 MeV eBeam. Microorganisms treated with a lethal dosage of eBeam tend to be metabolically active for a considerable period of time after their exposure to the radiation. The high energy eBeam breaks the bonds of the double stranded DNA and thereby hinders the replication of the micro-organism. Furthermore, the metabolic activity during different post-irradiation treatments was monitored using the AlamarBlue® Assay and the BacTiter-Glo™ Microbial Cell Viability Assay. The AlamarBlue® assay quantitates the metabolic activity by measuring the reductive and oxidative reactions in the cell while the latter assay measures the concentration of ATP in the cells. These assays are good indicators of the metabolic activity in the microbial cells since they measure two different aspects of the cell’s viability.